Evolution of a gender tool: WEAI, WELI and livestock research

Colverson, Kathleen E.; Harris, Lacey Coble; Galiè, Alessandra; Moore, Elizabeth E.; Munoz, Olga; McKune, Sarah; Singh, Nitya; Mo, Ran

doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100375

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The cultural belief that livestock management belongs to men results in mobilization and distribution of livestock vaccines almost exclusively to men. Gender has been identified as a constraint to accessing livestock vaccinations across several contexts ( 57 – 61 ), but very few studies have highlighted the importance of other intersectional factors beyond gender and livestock vaccines ( 24 , 25 , 32 ). District level stakeholders of the LVVC are trying to address some of the barriers mentioned above, however, there are barriers that are rooted in broader systemic problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the Government of Uganda works to mainstream gender into agricultural production, the Karamoja subregion continues to face the greatest challenges ( 23 ). Livestock interventions often ignore how gender dynamics influence the uptake of technologies ( 24 ), and even when gender is considered as the variable of interest for such interventions, the intersection of gender with other social markers (such as ethnicity, class, religion, etc.) is often overlooked ( 5 , 25 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Who Has Access to Livestock Vaccines? Using the Social-Ecological Model and Intersectionality Frameworks to Identify the Social Barriers to Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccines in Karamoja, Uganda

et al. 2022

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Access to veterinary services is important in Karamoja, northeastern part of Uganda, as livestock is a primary source of livelihood. Gender is often overlooked in animal health programs, let alone intersectionality. However, given the socio-cultural intricacies of Karamoja, ignoring these factors may hinder animal vaccination practices, limiting the success of programs designed to control and prevent animal diseases, such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR). The study used qualitative research methods, including focus group discussions, individual interviews, and key informant interviews in a participatory research approach to investigate the constraints faced by livestock keepers when accessing vaccines. The study was carried out in Abim, Amudat, Kotido, and Moroto, four districts in the Karamoja Subregion of Uganda. A modified version of the socio-ecological model (SEM) blended with an intersectional approach were used as frameworks to analyze underlying individual, social and structural determinants of vaccine access with intersecting factors of social inequalities. The results show there are seven intersecting factors that influence access to vaccination the most. These are: gender, ethnicity, geographic location, age, physical ability, marital status, and access to education. The impact of these intersections across the different levels of the SEM highlight that there are vast inequalities within the current system. Access to vaccines and information about animal health was most limited among women, widows, the elderly, the disabled, geographically isolated, and those with unfavorable knowledge, attitudes, and practices about vaccination. Cultural norms of communities were also important factors determining access to PPR vaccines. Norms that burden women with household chores and beliefs that women cannot manage livestock, combined with gender-based violence, leaves them unable to participate in and benefit from the livestock vaccine value chain. Trainings and sensitization on gendered intersectional approaches for those involved in the distribution and delivery of vaccines are necessary to avoid exacerbating existing inequalities in Karamoja.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Has Access to Livestock Vaccines? Using the Social-Ecological Model and Intersectionality Frameworks to Identify the Social Barriers to Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccines in Karamoja, Uganda

et al. 2022

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“…Poultry production provides a way to empower youth and women in rural households. The individual who controls the income from poultry production determines who has the power to make decisions on how income is spent (Colverson et al, 2020). Empowerment includes increasing women and youth's ability to manage poultry production through training, access to capital, and increased decisionmaking power.…”

Section: Retail and Salesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the roles of men, women, and youth in ensuring food safety in the smallholder poultry value chain in Kenya

Garsow

Kim

Colverson

et al. 2022

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Smallholder poultry production is a significant source of food and income for many rural households in Kenya, but poultry products can be contaminated with Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. Household members have different roles in poultry production, with women and youth more actively involved in the earlier steps of the value chain, such as poultry production and processing, particularly at the farm level. This literature review summarizes current knowledge and practices on the roles of women and youth in food safety in the smallholder poultry value chain in Kenya. Of the 19 articles identified, a majority referenced gender roles in the poultry value chain but few referenced youth or the roles of women and youth in ensuring food safety. Women and youth were found to be the primary smallholder poultry producers on-farm. Due to their direct involvement in poultry handling and production, women and youth may have higher potential risk of exposure to foodborne pathogens. Men, women, and youth were all found to participate in slaughtering and transportation of poultry products. It was also found that, although women may be the owners and caretakers of chickens, they may not have decision-making power on the use of income from the poultry, and poultry product sales. Therefore, women and youth may have limited decision-making power or access to resources, such as training, to increase food safety. Further research is needed to address the factors important to women and youth empowerment to ensure food safety in the smallholder poultry value chain and reduce the risks of foodborne disease (FBD) in Kenya.

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“…The agricultural development and food security agencies have increased their focus on women’s empowerment to decrease gender inequalities and food insecurities across households. As suggested by gender-sensitive development approaches, women’s empowerment is tied to development donors’ pursuit of gender equality, which demands enhancing women’s empowerment in VCD to help decrease household poverty; this pursuit in VCD led to the creation of measures of women’s empowerment [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. One such creation is the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), which is the first comprehensive and standardized measure to capture women’s empowerment and inclusion levels in the agricultural sector [ 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s Empowerment, Income, and Nutrition in a Food Processing Value Chain Development Project in Touba, Senegal

O’Brien

Leavens

Ndiaye

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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To study the impacts of implementing a gender-sensitive value chain development (VCD) initiative in the agri-food sector, we conducted a mixed-methods study of a woman-owned food processing business and its associated value chain in Touba, Senegal. As a result of partnering with a USAID-funded project, the business began producing instant fortified flours, an innovative, higher-value product compared to traditional porridge, using extrusion and fortification techniques. Drawing on Senegalese women’s association networks, the business connected with local women who could work as processors and retailers. Our study’s goal was to explore how the project’s support of this food processing value chain has affected the lives of women processors and retailers, farmers, and medical personnel along the value chain. Particularly relevant to our study is the general lack of opportunities for women to earn their own incomes in the study region, especially outside of the home, and provide for their families. Through surveys, interviews, observations, and novel participatory focus group activities, our study provides qualitative and quantitative evidence of the perceived impacts of value chain development on women’s empowerment, income, and nutrition by key stakeholders in the value chain. We find an often cited barrier to women’s empowerment is the husband’s lack of understanding and limitations placed on women’s mobility, yet we also find perceptions of women’s empowerment in this conservative religious context. Our findings and discussion highlight the need for more research into VCD projects on the complex and, at times, contradictory processes of women’s empowerment. The women in our study expressed a desire for freedom to work outside of the home, and they expressed a need for childcare and contraception. Notably, the women discussed positive community changes, such as infrastructure and the creation of a childcare center, that implicate women’s collective empowerment. We also highlight a promising research opportunity in Senegal to explore the subnational variation in women’s empowerment through VCD.

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Evolution of a gender tool: WEAI, WELI and livestock research

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

Who Has Access to Livestock Vaccines? Using the Social-Ecological Model and Intersectionality Frameworks to Identify the Social Barriers to Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccines in Karamoja, Uganda

Who Has Access to Livestock Vaccines? Using the Social-Ecological Model and Intersectionality Frameworks to Identify the Social Barriers to Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccines in Karamoja, Uganda

A review of the roles of men, women, and youth in ensuring food safety in the smallholder poultry value chain in Kenya

Women’s Empowerment, Income, and Nutrition in a Food Processing Value Chain Development Project in Touba, Senegal

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