Evolution of a fault surface from 3D attribute analysis and displacement measurements

Lohr, Tina; Krawczyk, Charlotte M.; Oncken, Onno; Tanner, David C.

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.009

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…These segments were identified either from the geometry of the surface fault traces, or from the cumulative displacement distributions. Most reported segments are “major segments” as defined in this study, but three studies [ McLeod et al ., ; Mirabella et al ., ; Lohr et al ., ] also report subordinate scales of segmentation. The faults have different lengths (in range 0.6–350 km), ages, slip rates and they developed in different tectonic and geological settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Generic along‐strike segmentation of Afar normal faults, East Africa: Implications on fault growth and stress heterogeneity on seismogenic fault planes

Manighetti

Caulet

Barros

et al. 2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Understanding how natural faults are segmented along their length can provide useful insights into fault growth processes, stress distribution on fault planes, and earthquake dynamics. We use cumulative displacement profiles to analyze the two largest scales of segmentation of 900 normal faults in Afar, East Africa. We build upon a prior study by Manighetti et al. (2009) and develop a new signal processing method aimed at recovering the number, position, displacement, and length of both the major (i.e., longest) and the subordinate, secondary segments within the faults. Regardless of their length, age, geographic location, total displacement, and slip rate, 90% of the faults contain two to five major segments, whereas more than 70% of these major segments are divided into two to four secondary segments. In each hierarchical rank of fault segmentation, most segments have a similar proportional length, whereas the number of segments slightly decreases with fault structural maturity. The along-strike segmentation of the Afar faults is thus generic at its two largest scales. We summarize published fault segment data on 42 normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults worldwide, and find a similar number (two to five) of major and secondary segments across the population. We suggest a fault growth scenario that might account for the generic large-scale segmentation of faults. The observation of a generic segmentation suggests that seismogenic fault planes are punctuated with a deterministic number of large stress concentrations, which are likely to control the initiation, arrest and hence extent and magnitude of earthquake ruptures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Generic along‐strike segmentation of Afar normal faults, East Africa: Implications on fault growth and stress heterogeneity on seismogenic fault planes

Manighetti

Caulet

Barros

et al. 2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Although commonly used, these models have serious limitations: They model simplistic intrusion and fault shapes, such as point source [ Mogi , ; Masterlark , ], tensile [e.g., Okada , ; Amelung et al ., ; Wright et al ., ; Chang et al ., ; Sigmundsson et al ., ], or shear dislocation rectangle [ Okada , ; Shen et al ., ; Gusman et al ., ; Yue et al ., ]. These deformation sources are not representative of the complex shapes of magmatic intrusions or fault planes in nature [e.g., Burchardt , ; Lohr et al ., ; Burchardt et al ., ]. They model static intrusions/fault planes, such that they do not account for the complex magma propagation mechanisms [ Mathieu et al ., ; Abdelmalak et al ., ] or fault mechanics [ Mair and Abe , , ; Brodsky and Lay , ]; It is impossible to quantify the uncertainties of the model results and so to test their robustness. The main reason is that active geological processes occur in the subsurface, so that the results of the modeling cannot be validated by direct observations. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of open‐source photogrammetric software MicMac for monitoring surface deformation in laboratory models

et al. 2016

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Quantifying deformation is essential in modern laboratory models of geological systems. This paper presents a new laboratory monitoring method through the implementation of the open‐source software MicMac, which efficiently implements photogrammetry in Structure‐from‐Motion algorithms. Critical evaluation is provided using results from two example laboratory geodesy scenarios: magma emplacement and strike‐slip faulting. MicMac automatically processes images from synchronized cameras to compute time series of digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthorectified images of model surfaces. MicMac also implements digital image correlation to produce high‐resolution displacements maps. The resolution of DEMs and displacement maps corresponds to the pixel size of the processed images. Using 24 MP cameras, the precision of DEMs and displacements is ~0.05 mm on a 40 × 40 cm surface. Processing displacement maps with Matlab® scripts allows automatic fracture mapping on the monitored surfaces. MicMac also offers the possibility to integrate 3‐D models of excavated structures with the corresponding surface deformation data. The high resolution and high precision of MicMac results and the ability to generate virtual 3‐D models of complex structures make it a very promising tool for quantitative monitoring in laboratory models of geological systems.

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“…This is very typical of segmented faults that grow in displacement and length until they link with neighbouring faults, and consequently build larger master faults (e.g. Ferrill et al 1999;McClay et al 2002;Marchal et al 2003;Walsh et al 2003;Manzocchi et al 2006;Lohr et al 2008;Baudon & Cartwright 2008). We have distinguished six large fault segments, labelled A-F, in Figure 12.…”

Section: Basin Configurationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Role of rift transection and punctuated subsidence in the development of the North Falkland Basin

Lohr¹,

Underhill

2015

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The results of well-constrained seismic interpretation and new mapping of three-dimensional (3D) seismic data volumes demonstrates that the North Falkland Basin consists of two superimposed failed rift basins: a Late Jurassic NW-SEstriking Southern Rift Basin (SRB); and an Early Cretaceous north-south-striking Northern Rift Basin (NRB).The SRB is best developed in coastal waters of the Falkland Islands, where it comprises a series of extensional sub-basins that are transected by faults belonging to the more substantive NRB. Regional interpretation demonstrates that the NRB consists of a southward-tapering, asymmetric extensional basin containing a thick (in excess of 10 km) sequence of sediments. Its syn-rift subsidence history was controlled by a major west-dipping normal fault array comprising several fault segment precursors, which, together with corresponding antithetic faults, effectively subdivides the hanging wall into a series of subbasins throughout its length.The NRB initially developed in a fluvial and later lacustrine environment before becoming predominantly marine in the Tertiary. A prograding delta system filled the basin from the north during the early post-rift phase. Contemporaneously, sediment was shed off the segmented basin-bounding fault via long-established feeder drainage systems through breached relay ramps into the depocentre. The resultant sediment dispersal led to deposition of numerous lacustrine turbidites that created the Sea Lion fans and its affiliates, the location of which mimics, and is thus interpreted to have been controlled by, the underlying syn-rift sub-basins.Post-rift subsidence was punctuated by an important, but short-lived, phase of basin inversion during the Aptian that created a large, broad and gentle north-south-striking anticline that runs along the central basin axis. Whilst the episode of basin inversion arrested subsidence, it did not inhibit petroleum prospectivity. The syn-rift lacustrine source intervals did subsequently pass through the critical moment in the Cretaceous leading to hydrocarbon maturation and the migration of waxy oil, a process that continues to the present day.

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Evolution of a fault surface from 3D attribute analysis and displacement measurements

Cited by 55 publications

References 30 publications

Generic along‐strike segmentation of Afar normal faults, East Africa: Implications on fault growth and stress heterogeneity on seismogenic fault planes

Generic along‐strike segmentation of Afar normal faults, East Africa: Implications on fault growth and stress heterogeneity on seismogenic fault planes

Application of open‐source photogrammetric software MicMac for monitoring surface deformation in laboratory models

Role of rift transection and punctuated subsidence in the development of the North Falkland Basin

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