Évolution des prothèses des sprinters amputés de membre inférieur

Abstract

For about 15 years, technical advances in prosthetic treatment have been the main factor in the increased performance of athletes with lower-limb amputation. For trans-tibial amputation, the prosthesis for sprinting is composed of a gel liner and a socket joined by a locking or virtual vacuum liner. Because of these dynamic properties, the carbon prosthetic foot equipped with tacks ensures outstanding performance. For trans-femoral amputation, a hydraulic swing and a stance control unit are added to the same prosthesis. In comparison with the able-bodied runner, athletes with amputation have smaller loading times in the prosthetic limb and larger ones in the sound limb. The length of the energy-storing prosthetic foot is determined by the "up-on-the-toes" running gait. The sprinting gait with trans-tibial amputation is almost symmetrical. The hip extensor effort is the main compensation of propulsion reduction with lower-limb amputation. With trans-femoral amputation, the lack of knee increases the asymmetry. The total prosthetic knee extension (early in late-swing phase and lasting during total stance phase) compensates with extension of both hips, especially the opposite one. The amputation and sound limb load transfer with lumbar hyperlordosis concern the pelvis, trunk and shoulders. Because of athletes with amputation, research in prosthetic treatment has progressed. The development of orthotics and prostheses for such athletes has benefited non-athletes with amputation.

Inter-Limb Asymmetry in the Kinematic Parameters of the Long Jump Approach Run in Female Paralympic-Level Class T63/T64 Athletes

“…With regard to unilateral lower limb amputees, two classes are acknowledged by World Para-Athletics and by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) [33]: Class T63, where competitors are "athletes with single through knee or above knee limb deficiency competing with a prosthesis", and Class T64, where competitors are "athletes with unilateral below knee limb deficiency competing with a prosthesis" [33]. It is suggested that increased inter-limb asymmetry exists in lower limb amputees, with asymmetry being related to the proximity level of the amputation [34][35][36]. Nevertheless, past research has examined the biomechanical parameters of elite-level long jumpers with transtibial and transfemoral amputation [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], as well as with upper arm amputation [46].…”

A Numerical Feasibility Study of Kinetic Energy Harvesting from Lower Limb Prosthetics

“…However, the non-optimised gait pattern from these prostheses can stress the healthy limbs and joints, causing injury after prolonged use. A classical example is the SACH foot, which has an energy efficiency estimated up to 31% [9]. Users are required to manually control these solid prosthetics, and this is typically described as passive control.…”

“…The springs themselves can either be mechanical spring structures made of metal, plastic or composite materials, or pneumatic springs relying on air or fluidic pressure as the restoring force. Seattle and Flex come in various design embodiments, with energy efficiency estimated up to 52% and 84%, respectively [9].…”

Computational Tools and Experimental Methods for the Development of Passive Prosthetic Feet

“…Originally, energy storing feet were designed for sports, but research led to adaptations suited for normal walking [180]. The earliest of these designs, termed Dynamic Elastic Response feet, borrowed the flexible keel and merged them with the cushioned heel of Solid-Ankle Cushioned-Heel (SACH) feet, see Figure 2.20 [181].…”