Evolution Between Air and Water

Hughes, G. M.

doi:10.1002/9780470719473.ch5

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This introduction is based on the excellent works and reviews of Grigg (1965), Hughes (1966Hughes ( , 1973Hughes ( , 1978, Klika & Lelek (1967), Hughes & Weibel (1976, 1978, Hughes & Pohunkova (1980), Sacca & Burggren (1982), Burggren et al (1985), Burggren & Johansen (1986), and Kimura et al (1987), to whom the reader is referred.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution patterns of the paraneuronal endocrine cells in the skin, gills and the airways of fishes as determined by immunohistochemical and histological methods

1994

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The neuro-endocrine cells of fish skin and respiratory surfaces, and their bioactive secretion as far as is known, are reviewed, and compared with similar elements in tetrapods, particularly amphibians. In the skin of teleost fish, immunohistochemistry has shown that Merkel cells react for serotonin, neuron-specific enolase and enkephalins. The pharmacology is not established in dipnoans or lampreys. In some teleosts, neuromasts react for substance P and leu-enkephalins; substance P is also reported from some ampullary organs (electroreceptors). Taste buds of teleosts may react for enkephalin and substance P. Basal cells of taste buds react for serotonin and neuron-specific enolase. Some unicellular skin glands of teleosts express bioactive compounds, including serotonin and some peptides; this ectopic expression is paralleled in amphibian skin glands. The dipnoan Protopterus has innervated pulmonary neuro-endocrine cells in the pneumatic duct region with dense-cored vesicles. In Polypterus and Amia the lungs have serotonin-positive neuro-endocrine cells that are apparently not innervated. In fish gills, a closed type of neuro-endocrine cell reacts for serotonin, an open type for enkephalins and some calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, calmodulin and S-100 protein). The functions of neuro-endocrine cells in fishes await investigation, but it is assumed they are regulatory.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution patterns of the paraneuronal endocrine cells in the skin, gills and the airways of fishes as determined by immunohistochemical and histological methods

1994

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…That of the newt, with its non-spherical bubbles and lack of "clicking", still stands apart. A similarly unstable film was found in Proteus anguinis by Hughes (1967). Jarvik (1968) considered that the anuran amphibians derive from a line of rhipidistian fish separate from that from which other tetrapods evolved-a view not shared by other systematists (Thomson, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In behaviour the lining films of frog and Ichthyophis lungs strongly resemble one another, and that of Xenopus laevis, and at 3°C they resemble those of dipnoan, reptile, bird and mammal lungs (Pattle & Hopkinson, 1963;Hughes, 1967Hughes, , 1973. That of the newt, with its non-spherical bubbles and lack of "clicking", still stands apart.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Surpellic films, lung surfactant, and their cellular origin in newt, caecilian, and frog

Pattle¹,

Schock²,

Creasey³

et al. 1977

Journal of Zoology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The lung lining and its surfactant have been studied in one species from each of the amphibian sub‐classes Anura, Urodela, and Apoda. The surfactant was studied by observation of bubbles derived from the lungs, the morphology by electron microscopy. Other details of the apodan are also given. The surfactant layers of Rana temporaria and Ichthyophis (species unknown) resemble one another, being somewhat less stable than that of mammals. That of Triturus vulgaris is even less stable, and shows qualitative differences from the other two. Nevertheless, it can reduce the surface tension to 2 mN/m. The epithelial cells of amphibian lungs cannot be divided into two clearly defined types, as can those of mammals. Microvilli are present on the alveolar surface of all these cells. In the lungs of Rana and Ichthyophis the lining cells contain numerous lamellated osmiophilic bodies (which are intracellular depots of surfactant); in the former their appearance is mainly cross‐barred, in the latter mainly concentric. Similar bodies exist in the lung epithelial cells of Triturus but are relatively rare.

show abstract

“…Dem musste durch entsprechende hepa torenale Alkalisierungsmechanismen ent gegengewirkt werden, um eine Acidose zu verhüten [19,38]. Allerdings sind lungen atmende Wirbeltiere über die Atmungs abhängigkeit des pCO 2 auch zu raschen Veränderungen des pHWerts in der La ge [28], die sich wegen der hohen Diffu sibilität von CO 2 unmittelbar dem Intra zellulärraum mitteilen und angesichts der permissiven Rolle des pH für die Enzym aktivität zur Stoffwechselmodulation ein gesetzt werden können.…”

Section: üBergang Von Der Kiemenzur Lungenatmungunclassified

Warum 37°C?

Singer

2007

Anaesthesist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Homeothermy is the result of an evolutionary process during which every increase in oxygen supply led to a consecutive increase in metabolic rate and, thus, to a new dependence on favorable ambient conditions. In response to the food scarcity of winter months, some inhabitants of temperate zones developed an ability to hibernate which is characterized by a fully thermocontrolled reduction in body temperature down to near zero values. Hibernation thus illustrates that in homeotherms, not only the body shell is poikilothermic, but also the core temperature is more variable than often assumed. However, in contrast to clinical hypothermia, natural torpidity does not consist of a cold-induced reduction in metabolic rate, but of an endogenous metabolic reduction with subsequent lowering of body temperature. As a factor of metabolic suppression, the pH has been suspected which, in hibernators, is kept constant at 7.4 by relative hypoventilation (pH-stat) which differs from its passive shift in the poikilothermic body shell (alpha-stat). In clinical hypothermia, temperature governs the metabolic rate in that, depending on the state of thermoregulation, either a cold defense reaction with an increased metabolic rate (accidental hypothermia) or a cold-induced reduction in metabolic rate (induced hypothermia) occurs. However, as can be learned from hibernators, the lower limit of hypothermia tolerance seems to be due to a uniform minimal metabolic rate rather than to the species-specific body temperature at which this metabolic limit is reached, depending on body size and basal metabolic rate. Accordingly, in judging the sequelae of hypothermia, the degree of cooling should be given less emphasis than the resulting effects on metabolic rate.

show abstract

Evolution Between Air and Water

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Distribution patterns of the paraneuronal endocrine cells in the skin, gills and the airways of fishes as determined by immunohistochemical and histological methods

Distribution patterns of the paraneuronal endocrine cells in the skin, gills and the airways of fishes as determined by immunohistochemical and histological methods

Surpellic films, lung surfactant, and their cellular origin in newt, caecilian, and frog

Warum 37°C?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About