Abstract. Apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) thermochronometry is widely used to constrain 35 thermal histories and rates of tectonic, exhumation, and erosion processes. However, data 36 interpretation is often challenging, especially when the thermal history includes extended 37 residence time in the He partial retention zone (HePRZ), with highly dispersed dates revealing 38 the complexity of diffusion processes in natural systems. This study investigates chemical and 39