Evidential reasoning based approach to high impedance fault detection in power distribution systems

HIF detection in distribution networks based on Kullback–Leibler divergence

“…The accurate HIF modelling is essential for developing an efficient fault detection algorithm. The main features of an HIF are the low fault current resulting from contact with the high‐impedance surface, randomness resulting from the rapid electrical discharges and floating conductor on the earth surface, asymmetry resulting from the presence of silica in the contact surface, and non‐linearity resulting from the various resistivities of the soil layers [4, 5, 7, 8]. Several HIF models have been proposed in the literatures [6, 24].…”

“…In the former type, the distribution conductor makes contact with a high‐impedance object such as tree limbs and wood fences while the latter type occurs when an energised conductor breaks and makes electrical contact with the ground surface such as the sidewalk, concrete, asphalt, and sand [4–6]. The HIF is mostly associated with the arcing phenomenon, and its main features are low current, randomness, non‐linearity, and asymmetry [7, 8].…”

“…In addition to time consumption, FFT eliminates any time aspect data in correspondence to HIFs. In other words, FFT completely transfers a time‐domain signal to a frequency‐domain one with a singular resolution [7, 24]. Also, the frequency‐domain‐based techniques usually maloperate in the presence of non‐linear loads.…”

Faulty line detection method based on improved Hilbert‐Huang transform for resonant grounding systems

“…As the steady‐state signal is weak, the methods in this category often produce misjudgments. Faulty line detection method based on transient signals 10‐14 : Such methods commonly use sudden change, amplitude, polarity, and the energy of the transient signal to detect a faulty line. For the amplitude of transient signal is much larger than that of steady signal in most cases, 15 methods in this category usually have high accuracy. Faulty line detection method based on information fusion and artificial intelligence 4,11,16 : The methods based on information fusion take advantage of mathematical theories such as evidential reasoning and fuzzy integral, to integrate different faulty line detection methods and obtain a comprehensive result. Due to the fusion algorithm, the methods are affected by the accuracy of the integrated methods.…”

Relaxation‐based anomaly detection in cyber‐physical systems using ensemble kalman filter

“…As reported in [1], a number of major North American blackouts are identified to be caused by a lack of system awareness, which highlights the importance of cyber-attack analysis to maintain stable and reliable operation of the power supply. A cyber-attack can result in overload, which will damage the equipment, or false demand requests and can result in a lot of energy generated [2,3]. Besides that, a compromised insider node can also launch various other attacks.…”