Evidencing the harms of hate speech

Abstract

The ways in which targeted communities experience hate speech is an important, but often neglected, component of the debate over the legitimacy of hate speech laws. This article reports on data drawn from interviews conducted with 101 members of Indigenous and minority ethnic communities in Australia regarding their experiences of hate speech. We give voice to targets' experiences of face-to-face and more widely broadcast hate speech, and outline the constitutive and consequential harms they claim to have suffered. We assess these against the alleged harms of hate speech in the literature, finding a close correlation between targets' reports and the literature. Evidencing the harms of hate speech AbstractThe ways in which targeted communities experience hate speech is an important, but often neglected, component of the debate over the legitimacy of hate speech laws. This article reports on data drawn from interviews conducted with 101 members of Indigenous and minority ethnic communities in Australia regarding their experiences of hate speech. We give voice to targets' experiences of face-to-face and more widely broadcast hate speech, and outline the constitutive and consequential harms they claim to have suffered. We assess these against the alleged harms of hate speech in the literature, finding a close correlation between targets' reports and the literature.

Arabic Creative Writing Learning using WSQA (Word, Sentence, Question, & Answer) Method: An Attempt on Quality Upgrading of Labor Demands

“…It describes the condition, process, and the connection of important aspects that found in the phenomena of creative writing process using WSQA method among the students, employees, workers and how their response that is be researched. In a qualitative research, interpretation is strongly required to gain the meaningful finding [5]. In a descriptive research, there will be no comparison on the variables as a causal relation, like comparative study [6].…”

Boundary Struggles: Contestations of free speech in the Norwegian public sphere

“…Hate speech is a contested term, and there is no shared definition of the concept (Gagliardone, Gal, Alves, & Martinez, 2015;Gelber & McNamara, 2016). Still, definitions of hate speech typically focus on two key features: the tone or style of the message, and what ground(s) the message is directed towards.…”

“…Hate speech is found to have a range of consequences for individuals, such as fear and other emotional symptoms, lowered selfesteem, loss of dignity, and withdrawal from the public -both physically and in terms of participation in public debate (Boeckmann & Liew, 2002;Boeckmann & Turpin-Petrosino, 2002;Eggebø, Sloan, & Aarbakke, 2016;Gelber & McNamara, 2016;Herek, Cogan, & Gillis, 2002;Leets, 2002;Pew Research Center, 2014). All instances of hate speech will of course not have these consequences, but the empirical studies demonstrate that hate speech can produce such outcomes.…”

‘Friends call me racist’: Experiences of repercussions from writing comments on newspaper websites

“…Online comments systems have given ordinary people simple ways to share and discuss their opinions in public forums. However, there has been disagreement in the scholarly community about the democratic value of online comments (Dahlgren, 2005;Janssen and Kies, 2005;Kies 2010;Wright and Street, 2007), and several claim to see a deterioration of public discourse, pointing to issues like "echo chambers" and increased polarization (Sunstein, 2017), "flaming" (Lee, 2005(Lee, , 2012Santana, 2014), "trolling" Hardaker, 2010;Phillips, 2015), harassment of women (Biber et al, 2002) and hate speech (Erjavec and Kovacic, 2012;Gelber and McNamara, 2016;Glaser et al, 2002).…”