Evidence that Zinc Deficiency Impairs Gut Epithelial Barrier and intestinal Immunity

Abstract

There is growing interest in dietary factors, in particular micronutrients, from the perspective of disease pathogenesis and potential for treatment. Diarrheal disease in infant results in abnormally low concentrations of serum zinc. Zinc has been tested for its ability to treat and prevent diarrheal diseases in many large field trials over a period of over 4 decades and has generally been found effective. The mechanism by which zinc deficiency causes diarrhea is not known. The present study investigated the impact of zinc deficiency on the host, particularly of intestinal tight junction (TJ) integrity and proteins that are involved in intestinal absorption and secretion along with the pathogenesis of enteric infection. We have used human colonic T84 cells to study barrier function and Shigella to test susceptibility of intestinal infection due to zinc deficiency. T84 grown onto transwell inserts in zinc deficient media showed a low transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) compare to zinc sufficient media (1014 ± 165 Ω.cm2 vs 3663 ± 293 Ω.cm2) in confluent T84 monolayers. We furthermore analysed the correlation between TEER and paracellular ionic conductance. We found that zinc deficiency altered paracellular ionic conductance. Bacterial transmigration studies showed a significant increase in apico‐basolateral transmigration of Shigella (6.58 ± 0.13 vs 7.98 ± 0.23 log10 CFU/ml) which peaked at 6hrs post infection. Transmission electron microscopy data showed widened TJ complex due to few membrane fusion proteins and distorted TJ morphology, whereas the desmosomes were still intact. Electrophysiological studies with Ussing chamber and qPCR quantification demonstrated reduced cAMP dependent electrogenic Cl− secretion (34.5 ± 1.25 μA/cm2 vs 17.75 ± 2.3 μA/cm2) along with reduced expression of CFTR in zinc deficient cells, resulting dehydrated lumen thus aiding in bacterial colonization. Our results suggest that zinc deficiency caused (1) perturbed barrier function and integrity (2) altered Cl− secretion leading to susceptibility of infection. We conclude that adequate zinc is required to maintain intestinal barrier health to avoid risk against intestinal infection.Support or Funding InformationGovt of India National Funding AgencyThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Effects of Dietary Zinc Sources on Growth Performance and Gut Health of Weaned Piglets

“…In the present study, compared with the control group, the F/G decreased in the organic zinc-supplemented groups (Gly-Zn and zinc lactate groups) from days 0 to 28; these findings are generally consistent with those of the aforementioned studies. Moreover, zinc deficiency could alter paracellular ionic conductance, cause perturbed barrier integrity and reduce Cl − secretion, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection ( Sarkar et al, 2018 ). Thus, adequate levels are required to maintain the gut barrier, avoid risk intestinal infections, and prevent diarrhea.…”

Effects of Dietary Valine Chelated Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Intestine Health in Weaned Piglets

“…Our findings suggest that the reduction of diarrhea rate in our study is indicative of improved intestinal health in piglets. Moreover, adequate levels are required to maintain the gut barrier, avoid risk intestinal infections, and prevent diarrhea and zinc deficiency can alter the paracellular ionic conductance, and perturb barrier integrity, thereby reducing Cl − secretion and increasing susceptibility to infection [ 30 ].…”

Effects of dietary valine chelated zinc supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestine health in weaned piglets

“…Our ndings suggest that the reduction of diarrhea rate in our study is indicative of improved intestinal health in piglets. Moreover, zinc de ciency can alter the paracellular ionic conductance, and perturb barrier integrity, thereby reducing Clsecretion and increasing susceptibility to infection [30]. Thus, adequate levels are required to maintain the gut barrier, avoid risk intestinal infections, and prevent diarrhea.…”