Evidence that two species of aphid ingest food through an open stylet sheath

Miles, P. W.; McLean, D. L.; Kinsey, M. G.

doi:10.1007/bf02150309

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…What then of the o~ther 70% of probes which pass into spongy mesophyU only? is now known that aphids project their stylets a little beyond the salivary sheath when feeding (MILES et al 1964, HENNIG 1966, MCLEAN & KINSEY 1967, but the majority of the spongy mesophyll probes terminated well away from any vascular element. Aphids do take up sap from non-vascular tissues (DAY & IRZYKIE-WlCZ 1953, WATSON & NIXON 1953, MCLEAN & KINSEY 1967, and to suppose that 70% of deep probes are of no value to the insect implies a remarkable degree of misadaptation in the feeding behaviour of adult M. ornatus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific Differences in the Biology of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Leaves of Vicia Faba I. Feeding Behaviour

Lowe

1967

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Aphids of six species settled on the undersurface of bean leaves in characteristic patterns. Some species, e.g. Aphis fabae, settled wholly on veins. In others, e.g. Myzus spp. a considerable proportion settled away from veins, especially on the leaf margin. Microscopic studies showed that the probes of A. fabae were directed to the phloem in the veins as were those probes of Myzus spp. which entered the veins. Many probes of Myzus passed into spongy mesophyll alone. This apparently offered an alternative food source to them. The interspecific differences, which were matched by differences between age groups within species, are explained in terms of the differing proportions of the aphid populations exploiting the alternative food sources and of preferences for veins of a particular size. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ARTSPEZIFISCHE UNTERSCHIEDE IN DER LEBENSWEISE VON BLATTLÄUSEN (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AUF BLÄTTERN VON VICIA FABA I. ERNÄHRUNGSWEISE Blattläuse sechs verschiedener Arten, die sich ungehindert auf reifen Blättern von Vicia faba ansiedeln konnten, bildeten arttypische Verteilungen. Auf diese Weise wurde eine Übergangsreihe von Arteigentümlichkeiten deutlich zwischen Aphis fabae und Megoura viciae, die sich an den großen Adern ansiedelten, und Myzus ornatus, welche sich auf den Blatträndern außerhalb der Adern häufte. Die Ernährungsweise von A. fabae, Myzus persicae und M. ornatus wurde durch mikroskopische Suche nach Speichelscheiden in ganzen, aufgehellten Blättern sowie an Schnittserien untersucht. A. fabae saugt am Phloem der Blattadern, M. persicae jedoch zum Teil und M. ornatus fast völlig am Schwammparenchym. Es wird angenommen, daß dieses Gewebe neben dem Phloem eine weitere Nahrungsquelle darstellte welche von gewissen Blattläusen in unterschiedlichem Ausmaße ausgenutzt zu werden vermag. Unterschiede sowohl im Anteil der am Mesophyll saugenden Population wie in dem bevorzugten Gefäßdurchmesser der von den Blattläusen besogenen Adern sind ursächlich mit den artcharakteristischen Ansiedlungsweisen verbunden. Unterschiede in beiden Richtunger werden zwischen den Arten deutlich, und ähnliche Unterschiede treten zwischen den Altersgruppen einiger Aphidenarten häufig auf. Dem Auftreten wechselweise nutzbarer Nahrungsquellen, die in etwas verschiedener Weise ausgebeutet werden können, wird potentielle Bedeutung im Hinblick auf die Virusübertragung sowie auf die Wirksamkeit systemischer Insektizide beigemessen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific Differences in the Biology of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Leaves of Vicia Faba I. Feeding Behaviour

Lowe

1967

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…The direct nature of the latter has however been questioned, Sukhov (1944) and Bradley (1954) arguing that the stylets of Myzus persicae in the phloem were covered by the salivary sheath and the sap was therefore filtered before ingestion, the pores being of such dimensions as to exclude bacteria (Sukhov tested Bacterium prodigiosum) and viruses. This claim has been disproved, for the stylets of M. persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum project beyond the end of an open sheath while ingesting (Day & Irzykiewicz, 1954;Miles et al, 1964) and during entry (Hodges & McLean, 1969). The stylets of other Hemiptera {e.g., Pentatomids) forming a sheath in the same way as aphids (Miles, 19646) also probably ingest in a similar manner.…”

Section: Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the maxillary food canal is too small for large bacteria (Auclair, 1964), the ingesta will not necessarily be confined to solutes or colloids since the intake of carbon particles of 0-5-1-0 jum average diameter has been observed in M. persicae (Miles et al, 1964). Even when feeding on sieve tubes, large particles (e.g., the ' structural fraction' described by Walker & Thaine (1971) in phloem sap exudate) could become available for ingestion if the stylets induced a wound response in the plant.…”

Section: Ingestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stylet behaviour can also be studied during artificial feeding but again, results need cautious interpretation since only in a few cases have living stylets been observed in plant tissue (Bradley, 1952;van Hoof, 1957van Hoof, , 1958aSukhov, 1944). However, apart from the greater tendency to form multiple tracks or sheaths in diets, behaviour is more or less the same and observations have shown how the sheath is built up and the stylet apex behaves (Miles et al, 1964).…”

Section: Significance Of Artificial Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): a review

Pollard¹

1973

Bull. Entomol. Res.

295

197

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The factors responsible for determining the host-plants and feeding sites of aphids, and the various probing activities (the role of the labium, stylet insertion, surface saliva deposition, the behaviour of the aphid, virus transmission) are examined. There is a brief review of stylet structure and movement and the possible sensory nature of these organs, followed by a detailed review of the characteristics of aphid stylet paths in plant tissues. The penetration of epidermis and vascular tissues is treated separately while that within the intermediate tissues is covered in relation to leaves and stems, roots, trees, galls and excised tissue as well as in separate sections on Aphis fabaeScopoli and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Stylet destinations and behaviour in the sieve tubes are discussed together with general features such as rate and depth of penetration, guidance to the feeding site, effects of tissue hardness and stylet withdrawal. The ingestion rate of plant sap is reviewed and its constitution and importance examined together with the significance of artificial diets. The salivary secretions including sheaths and tracks, their functions and their role in the transference of material between aphid and host are dealt with. The nature of the physical and internal damage resulting from aphid feeding is briefly covered, and also some plant-insect interrelations. The aphid species whose stylets have been examined in plant tissue are listed.

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“…In 1964, McLean and Kinsey described an 'electronic monitoring system' for the study of the feeding behavior of aphids in real time 9,10 . In this system, the aphid and the stylet-penetrated plant were integrated into an electrical circuit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Salvador-Recatalà

Tjallingii²

2015

JoVE

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Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of electrical transmission between distant cells in an organism requires in vivo, artifact-free recordings of cells embedded within their native environment. The transmission of electrical signals from wounded to unwounded areas in a plant has since long piqued the interest of botanists. The phloem, the living part of the plant vasculature that is spread throughout the plant, has been postulated as a major tissue in electrical transmission in plants. The lack of suitable electrophysiological methods poses many challenges for the study of the electrical properties of the phloem cells in vivo. Here we present a novel approach for intracellular electrophysiology of sieve elements (SEs) that uses living aphids, or other phloem-feeding hemipteran insects, integrated in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) circuit. The versatility, robustness, and accuracy of this method made it possible to record and study in detail the wound-induced electrical signals in SEs of central veins of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana(1). Here we show that EPG-electrodes can be easily implemented for intracellular electrophysiological recordings of SEs in marginal veins, as well as to study the capacity of SEs to respond with electrical signals to several external stimuli. The EPG approach applied to intracellular electrophysiology of SEs can be implemented to a wide variety of plant species, in a large number of plant/insect combinations, and for many research aims.

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Evidence that two species of aphid ingest food through an open stylet sheath

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Interspecific Differences in the Biology of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Leaves of Vicia Faba I. Feeding Behaviour

Interspecific Differences in the Biology of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Leaves of Vicia Faba I. Feeding Behaviour

Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): a review

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

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