Evidence that Bacillus subtilis sporulation induced by the stringent response is caused by the decrease in GTP or GDP

Ochi, Kozo; Kandala, Jagannadha C.; Freese, Ernst

doi:10.1128/jb.151.2.1062-1065.1982

Cited by 90 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Our data suggest that B. subtilis rRNA promoters are regulated directly by the concentration of the iNTP, namely GTP ( Figure 8). Changes in GTP concentrations have also been reported to regulate gene expression in several other systems in B. subtilis, but by completely different mechanisms than that described here (Ochi et al, 1982;Ratnayake-Lecamwasam et al, 2001;Inaoka and Ochi, 2002;Inaoka et al, 2003).…”

Section: Gtp Sensing By Rrna Promotersmentioning

confidence: 55%

An alternative strategy for bacterial ribosome synthesis: Bacillus subtilis rRNA transcription regulation

Krásný

Gourse

2004

EMBO J

269

274

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As an approach to the study of rRNA synthesis in Grampositive bacteria, we characterized the regulation of the Bacillus subtilis rrnB and rrnO rRNA promoters. We conclude that B. subtilis and Escherichia coli use different strategies to control rRNA synthesis. In contrast to E. coli, it appears that the initiating NTP for transcription from B. subtilis rRNA promoters is GTP, promoter strength is determined primarily by the core promoter (À10/À35 region), and changes in promoter activity always correlate with changes in the intracellular GTP concentration. rRNA promoters in B. subtilis appear to be regulated by changes in the initiating NTP pools, but in some growth transitions, changes in rRNA promoter activity are also dependent on relA, which codes for ppGpp synthetase. In contrast to the situation for E. coli where ppGpp decreases rRNA promoter activity by directly inhibiting RNA polymerase, it appears that ppGpp may not inhibit B. subtilis RNA polymerase directly. Rather, increases in the ppGpp concentration might reduce the available GTP pools, thereby modulating rRNA promoter activity indirectly.

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Section: Gtp Sensing By Rrna Promotersmentioning

confidence: 55%

An alternative strategy for bacterial ribosome synthesis: Bacillus subtilis rRNA transcription regulation

Krásný

Gourse

2004

EMBO J

269

274

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“…Prokaryotes inhabit a diverse range of ecological niches; the structure of environmental sensing and signalling mechanisms is correspondingly diverse. The stringent response has been most thoroughly studied in a few copiotrophic species including E. coli (Potrykus and Cashel, 2008), B. subtilis (Ochi et al, 1982) and Legionella pneumophila (Wells and Gaynor, 2006;Zhou et al, 2008;Dalebroux et al, 2009;Edwards et al, 2009). However, there is evidence that species living in different ecological niches have stringent response systems that are structured and regulated differently (Chiaverotti et al, 1981;Belitsky and Kari, 1982;Acosta and Lueking, 1987;Howorth and England, 1999;Scoarughi et al, 1999;Wells and Gaynor, 2006;Zhou et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complex logic of stringent response regulation in Caulobacter crescentus: starvation signalling in an oligotrophic environment

Boutte

Crosson

2011

Molecular Microbiology

129

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Summary Bacteria rapidly adapt to nutritional changes via the stringent response, which entails starvation-induced synthesis of the small-molecule, ppGpp, by RelA/SpoT homolog (Rsh) enzymes. Binding of ppGpp to RNA polymerase modulates the transcription of hundreds of genes and remodels the physiology of the cell. Studies of the stringent response have primarily focused on copiotrophic bacteria such as E. coli; little is known about how stringent signaling is regulated in species that live in consistently nutrient limited (i.e. oligotrophic) environments. Here we define the input logic and transcriptional output of the stringent response in the oligotroph, Caulobacter crescentus. The sole Rsh protein, SpoTCC, binds to and is regulated by the ribosome, and exhibits AND-type control logic in which amino acid starvation is a necessary but insufficient signal for activation of ppGpp synthesis. While both glucose and ammonium starvation upregulate the synthesis of ppGpp, SpoTCC detects these starvation signals by two independent mechanisms. Although the logic of stringent response control in C. crescentus differs from E. coli, the global transcriptional effects of elevated ppGpp are similar, with the exception of 16S rRNA transcription, which is controlled independently of spoTCC. This study highlights how the regulatory logic controlling the stringent response may be adapted to the nutritional niche of a bacterial species.

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“…A hallmark of this transition is the decrease of intracellular levels of BCAAs (Mitani et al, 1977;Freese et al, 1979;Lopez et al, 1979Lopez et al, , 1981Ochi et al, 1982;Soga et al, 2003;Handke et al, 2008;Tojo et al, 2008). The decreasing concentration of BCAAs in the starved bacteria causes a transcriptional derepression of the direct targets of CodY by detachment of the inactivated dimers from DNA-binding sites.…”

Section: Cody Senses the Intracellular Nutrient Status Of Bacteria Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

The CodY pleiotropic repressor controls virulence in gram-positive pathogens

Stenz

François

Whiteson

et al. 2011

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol

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CodY is involved in the adaptive response to starvation in at least 30 different low G+C gram-positive bacteria. After dimerization and activation by cofactor binding, CodY binds to a consensus palindromic DNA sequence, leading to the repression of approximately 5% of the genome. CodY represses the transcription of target genes when bound to DNA by competition with the RNA polymerase for promoter binding, or by interference with transcriptional elongation as a roadblock. CodY displays enhanced affinity for its DNA target when bound to GTP and/or branched chain amino acids (BCAA). When nutrients become limiting in the postexponential growth phase, a decrease of intracellular levels of GTP and BCAA causes a deactivation of CodY and decreases its affinity for DNA, leading to the induction of its regulon. CodY-regulated genes trigger adaptation of the bacteria to starvation by highly diverse mechanisms, such as secretion of proteases coupled to expression of amino acid transporters, and promotion of survival strategies like sporulation or biofilm formation. Additionally, in pathogenic bacteria, several virulence factors are regulated by CodY. As a function of their access to nutrients, pathogenic gram-positive bacteria express virulence factors in a codY-dependant manner. This is true for the anthrax toxins of Bacillus anthracis and the haemolysins of Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this review is to illustrate CodY-regulated mechanisms on virulence in major gram-positive pathogens.

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Evidence that Bacillus subtilis sporulation induced by the stringent response is caused by the decrease in GTP or GDP

Cited by 90 publications

References 6 publications

An alternative strategy for bacterial ribosome synthesis: Bacillus subtilis rRNA transcription regulation

An alternative strategy for bacterial ribosome synthesis: Bacillus subtilis rRNA transcription regulation

The complex logic of stringent response regulation in Caulobacter crescentus: starvation signalling in an oligotrophic environment

The CodY pleiotropic repressor controls virulence in gram-positive pathogens

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