Evidence secondhand smoke causes breast cancer in 2005 stronger than for lung cancer in 1986

Johnson, Kenneth C.; Glantz, Stanton A.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.016

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…(40) One group of authors compared a study conducted by the California Environmental Protection Agency in 2005 (which investigated evidence that breast cancer was associated with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke) with a study conducted by the US Surgeon General in 1988 (which investigated evidence that lung cancer was associated with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke) and suggested that the 2005 evidence for the role of environmental tobacco smoke in breast cancer was stronger than was the 1988 evidence for the role of environmental tobacco smoke in lung cancer. (41) Although the association between tobacco and breast cancer remains controversial, as once were the association between tobacco and lung cancer and that between nicotine and dependence, the questioning of the findings of breast cancer (the most common type of cancer in women) among smokers suggests that, as occurred before, there is pressure from the tobacco industry.…”

Section: Health Risks-the Particularities Of Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

O tabagismo e a mulher: riscos, impactos e desafios

et al. 2011

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The initiative was motivated by mounting evidence that smoking in this population group had increased in many countries.(1,2) Even in societies where smoking has decreased, the reduction is less pronounced among women. (1,4) It is known that the tobacco industry makes an effort to increase the numbers of women who are nicotine-dependent. Data regarding 151 countries revealed that, in general, the prevalence of smoking is higher in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls (12% vs. 7%); however, in various countries, the prevalence of smoking is similar for both genders.(1) IntroductionSmoking by women has been a growing concern, drawing the attention of health care institutions in an attempt to alert society and health care workers to the negative impact that smoking has on women's health. (1,2) For the 2010 "World No Tobacco Day", which was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987, the WHO chose the theme "Gender and tobacco with an emphasis on marketing to women". The primary objective was to encourage policies to combat the marketing strategies employed by the tobacco industry and to curb the epidemic of smoking among women. AbstractSmoking among women has drawn increasing attention because of the increase (or less pronounced decrease) in its prevalence when compared with that observed for men, as well as because of the specific effects that smoking has on women's health. For the 2010 "World No Tobacco Day", the World Health Organization chose the theme "Gender and tobacco with an emphasis on marketing to women", with the aim of encouraging policies to combat marketing strategies employed by the tobacco industry and to curb the epidemic of smoking among women. In this article, we discuss the characteristics of smoking among women, addressing factors such as smoking prevalence, nicotine dependence, the role of the tobacco industry, health risks, approaches to smoking cessation, treatment strategies, and prevention measures. Keywords:Smoking; Women's health; Tobacco industry. ResumoO tabagismo entre as mulheres tem cada vez mais merecido destaque devido ao aumento (ou da redução menos acentuada) de sua prevalência em comparação com aquela dos homens, bem como devido a especificidades dos efeitos do tabagismo na saúde da mulher. Em 2010, a Organização Mundial da Saúde elegeu para o "Dia Mundial sem Tabaco" o tema "Gênero e tabaco com ênfase na propaganda voltada para a mulher", com o objetivo de estimular políticas de combate às estratégias de marketing da indústria do tabaco e conter a epidemia de tabagismo entre as mulheres. O presente artigo discorre sobre as características do tabagismo na mulher, abordando fatores como prevalência, dependência, a atuação da indústria, riscos à saúde, abordagens à cessação do tabagismo e estratégias de tratamento e prevenção.Descritores: Tabagismo; Saúde da mulher; Indústria do tabaco.

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Section: Health Risks-the Particularities Of Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

O tabagismo e a mulher: riscos, impactos e desafios

et al. 2011

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“…Despite this strong track record and the rapidly expanding body of solid scientific work demonstrating that smoking caused a wide range of diseases, the decision making process for concluding "causality" in Surgeon General reports, which nominally maintained the same criteria as the original 1964 report, became increasingly cautious and defensive (7). For example, while addressing heart disease in the 1969,1971,1973,1974,1979,1980, and 1983 reports, it was not until 1983-19 years after the 1964 report-that smoking became a "cause" of heart disease (ref.…”

Section: Increasing Cautionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Surgeon General Report on Smoking and Health 50 Years Later: Breast Cancer and the Cost of Increasing Caution

Glantz

Johnson

2014

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Despite the Surgeon General's strong track record and the rapidly expanding body of solid scientific work demonstrating that smoking caused a wide range of diseases, the decision making process for concluding "causality" in Surgeon General reports has become increasingly cautious and defensive. Whereas, the 1964 report did not conclude that smoking caused heart disease, it recommended that "from the public health viewpoint [one should] assume that the established association has causative meaning rather than to suspend judgment until no uncertainty remains," the de facto practice has become to do just the opposite. In particular, the 2004 report reached an affirmative negative conclusion that active smoking did not cause breast cancer and the 2006 report on passive smoking only found the link "suggestive." In contrast, in 2005 the California EPA found both active and passive smoking caused breast cancer in younger women. The evidence has continued to strengthen since 2005: there are now 12 large cohort studies that consistently demonstrate a dose-response relationship with smoking before first birth and increased breast cancer risk. The Surgeon General's increasing caution is preventing young women around the world from appreciating the risks that smoking and secondhand smoke pose for developing breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(1); 37-46. Ó2014 AACR.

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“…One possible explanation for the non-association in active smokers is that tobacco smoke might have different effects on breast cancer risk in smokers compared to those who are exposed to passive smoke. Mostly, people sense that passive smoke, which is more diluted than actively inhaled smoke, is responsible for a small fraction of the added risk of health effects among active smokers; however, the scientific data show that passive smoke presents a stronger breast cancer risk than lung cancer (Johnson, 2008). The smoke has two forms that come from burning tobacco: sidestream smoke, which burns from the end of a cigarette, pipe, cigar or other local tobacco products such as Bijak; and mainstream smoke, which is exhaled by a smoker.…”

Section: And the Statistical Comparison Between Two Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk in Thai Urban Females

Pimhanam

Sangrajrang²,

Ekpanyaskul³

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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The incidence of urban female breast cancer has been continuously increasing over the past decade with unknown etiology. One hypothesis for this increase is carcinogen exposure from tobacco. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the risk of urban female breast cancer from tobacco smoke exposure. The matched case control study was conducted among Thai females, aged 17-76 years and living in Bangkok or its surrounding areas. A total of 444 pairs of cases and controls were recruited from the Thai National Cancer Institute. Cases were newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed as breast cancer while controls were selected from healthy women who visited a patient, matched by age ± 5 years. After obtaining informed consent, tobacco smoke exposure data and information on other potential risk factors were collected by interview. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression, and presented with odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CI). From all subjects, 3.8% of cases and 3.4% of controls were active smokers while 11.0% of cases and 6.1% of controls were passive smokers. The highest to lowest sources of passive tobacco smoke were from spouses (40.8%), the workplace (36.8%) and public areas (26.3%), respectively. After adjusting for other potential risk factors or confounders, females with frequent low-dose passive smoke exposure (≤7 hours per week) from a spouse or workplace had adjusted odds ratio 3.77 (95%CI=1.11-12.82) and 4.02 (95%CI=1.04-15.50) higher risk of breast cancer compared with non-smokers, respectively. However, this study did not find any association of breast cancer risk in high dose passive tobacco smoke exposure, or a dose response relationship in cumulative passive tobacco smoke exposure per week, or in the active smoker group. In conclusion, passive smoke exposure may be one important risk factor of urban female breast cancer, particularly, from a spouse or workplace. This risk factor highlights the importance of avoiding tobacco smoke exposure as a key measure for breast cancer prevention and control.

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Evidence secondhand smoke causes breast cancer in 2005 stronger than for lung cancer in 1986

Abstract: The evidence from epidemiologic studies of secondhand smoke in 2005 for breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal women was stronger than for lung cancer in 1986.

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

O tabagismo e a mulher: riscos, impactos e desafios

O tabagismo e a mulher: riscos, impactos e desafios

The Surgeon General Report on Smoking and Health 50 Years Later: Breast Cancer and the Cost of Increasing Caution

Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk in Thai Urban Females

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