Evidence of sympatric speciation of elderberry carlaviruses

Abstract

Five new carlaviruses infecting elderberry were characterized and tentatively named as elderberry virus A-E (ElVA-ElVE). Their genome organization is similar to that of other carlaviruses with size ranging from 8540 to 8628 nucleotides, excluding the polyadenylated tails. ElVA, ElVB and ElVD share a common ancestor as do ElVC and ElVE, indicating that speciation may be sympatric with all viruses having emerged in elderberry. Analyses of the carlavirus conserved domains indicate that the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase motifs are reliable indicators of virus phylogenetic classification with recombination playing a significant role in the evolution of the genus. A universal RT-PCR assay that detects all the elderberry carlaviruses and potentially other members of the genus has been developed. This tool can be used for research and regulatory purposes as elderberry cultivation is rapidly expanding to new areas where the viruses may be absent.

Viral Disease And Lipid Peroxidation In Conditions Of Biotic And Abiotic Stress Of Sambucus Nigra L. Plants

“…Viral particles are morphologically similar to viruses of the genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae). It is known that the viruses that infect elder plants belong to this genus (Ho and Tzanetakis, 2014;Ho et al, 2016), but for final clarification it is necessary to carry out immunological and other molecular studies. However, in infected leaves of elderberry, the content of malondialdehyde was significantly lower in optimal temperatures and was only 46% to healthy control.…”

“…from Missouri (USA) showed infecting of these plants with two different viruses, which also belong to the genus Carlavirus (Keller et al, 2015). Five novel carlaviruses tentatively named as Elderberry virus A-E (ElVA-ElVE, respectively) were discovered (Ho and Tzanetakis, 2014;Ho et al, 2016). Several viruses are known to cause detrimental symptoms in both American and European elderberry including members of the family Bromoviridae (Way, 1981), such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).…”

Molecular characterization of a novel Aureusvirus infecting elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.)

“…The potential co-infection of elderberry plants by Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV), elderberry viruses A-E (ElVA-ElVE), Sambucus virus S (SVS), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) and Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) was evaluated by RT-PCR reactions performed on cDNAs obtained as described above. The following specific primer pairs and original protocols were used: APMV-s and APMV-a for ApMV [ 31 ], AP1 and AP2 followed by ArMVnt1 and AP2 in semi-nested PCR for ArMV [ 32 ], CLRVi1 for CLRVi2 for CLRV [ 33 ], JQ3D3FF and JQ3D3FR for CRLV [ 34 ], UnicarlaF and UnicarlaR for elderberry carlaviruses [ 26 ], 1FCPBromo and 1RCPBromo for SVS [ 27 ], SLRSViF and SLRSViR for SLRSV [ 33 ] and TBRV-F and TBRV-R for TBRV (for the summary see Table 1 ).…”

“…Several viruses infecting elderberry have been described including carlaviruses ( Betaflexiviridae ) such as Elderberry carlavirus (ECV) or Blueberry scorch virus (BlScV) [ 17 – 19 ]; nepoviruses ( Secoviridae ) such as Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) or Cherry rasp leaf virus [ 20 – 23 ]; and Elderberry latent virus (ELV), Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) or Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in the Tombusviridae family [ 21 , 24 , 25 ]. Recently, viruses found to be infecting Sambucus plants, and described through next generation sequencing approaches, include elderberry carlaviruses with the proposed name Elderberry virus A–E ( Betaflexiviridae) [ 26 ] and the bromovirus Sambucus virus S ( Bromoviridae ) [ 27 ].…”

Detection of the Pathogen of Viral Disease in Sambucus Nigra Plants

“…Five novel carlaviruses tentatively named as Elderberry virus A-E (ElVA-ElVE, respectively) were discovered [7,8]. Elderberry carlavirus group 1 (ElVA, ElVB, ElVD)and group 2 (ElVC and ElVE) appear to have emerged from two distinct lineages, containing closely related viruses that infect the same host, indicative of sympatric speciation [Ho et al, 2016]. This, in addition to the recombination analysis, imply that elderberry, along with hop, phlox and potato (respectively infected by Hop latent virus and Hop mosaic virus; Phlox virus B and Phlox virus S; Potato virus P and Potato virus S), are major contributors of the carlaviruses evolution.…”