Evidence of seasonal variation of ethyl glucuronide in hair: Modeling a seven‐year data series

Własiuk, Patryk; Alladio, Eugenio; Salomone, Alberto; Vincenti, Marco; Zadora, Grzegorz

doi:10.1002/dta.2470

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…No positive correlation was found, concluding that the FAEE concentrations depend on many other individual parameters which prevent the separate evaluation of the shampooing effect . Factors such as thermal treatment, cosmetics, climate, sun exposure, and leisure activities are likely to influence the observable biomarker concentrations . Incubation of hair over a prolonged period of time may cause skin irritation, brittle hair, or even hair loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Detox shampoos for EtG and FAEE in hair – Results from in vitro experiments

Luginbühl

Bekaert

Suesse³

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The assessment of alcohol consumption behavior in hair is well established in forensic toxicology. The Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) recommends the direct alcohol markers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) for the detection of past alcohol consumption. In this study, we investigated if detox shampoos which are sold online can have an impact on EtG or FAEE concentrations in hair. According to customer reviews, positive drug testing results could be avoided after long‐term incubation with shampoo under a swimming cap. To evaluate the potential of four detox shampoos, we incubated distal hair samples from three subjects, obtained during a standard haircut, for 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 hours. For EtG, three shampoos performed similar to deionized water. The fourth shampoo showed additional heavy washout effects with a decrease of up to 86% after 2.5 hours. For the apolar FAEE, no washout was observed. Incubation with two shampoos resulted in increases in FAEE concentrations due to FAEE being present as shampoo ingredients. Further investigation of EtG washout in proximal forensic hair samples (n = 9) with the most potent shampoo showed a mean decrease in deionized water of 23% ± 25%, and a decrease by the use of detox shampoo of 73% ± 12%, compared to non‐incubated hair after 8 hours. In conclusion, detox shampoos proved to have the potential to alter EtG and FAEE concentrations in hair during in vitro experiments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Detox shampoos for EtG and FAEE in hair – Results from in vitro experiments

Luginbühl

Bekaert

Suesse³

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Markers of Alcohol Use

Morini,

Moretti,

Carelli

2023

Perspectives and Challenges of Hair Analysis

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Nowadays, hair analysis of alcohol biomarkers represents part of the routine workflow for many laboratories involved in clinical and forensic toxicology. In particular, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), namely ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate (EtPa), ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate, have been extensively studied in the last 20 years, as potential markers for the diagnosis of repeated alcohol consumption. To date, a continuative consumption of 60 g of pure alcohol or above per day is considered a potentially hazardous drinking behaviour. Two different thresholds have been recently chosen by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) for both hEtG and EtPa; the lower cut-off (5.0 pg mg−1 for hEtG and 120 pg mg−1 for EtPa) aims to discriminate abstinence or occasional use from repeated alcohol consumption, while the higher concentration (30.0 pg mg−1 for hEtG and 350.0 pg mg−1 for EtPa) is suggested for the diagnosis of chronic excessive alcohol consumption. hEtG may be influenced by many factors, such as washout effects, cosmetic treatments, and pathological conditions, thus requiring an adequate interpretation. On the other hand hFAEEs are mainly affected by several hair products that lead to false positive results. Finally, cocaethylene (CE) is still a reliable marker of alcohol use among cocaine users.

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Accelerated Extraction and Analysis of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair by Means of Pressurized Liquid Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination

Vincenti

Montesano

Oliva

et al. 2020

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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The measurement of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair is an established practice to evaluate alcohol consumption habits of the donors, nevertheless analytical variability has shown to be an important factor to be considered: measured EtG values can vary significantly as a consequence of analyte wash-out during decontamination, pulverization of samples, extraction solvent and incubation temperature. In the present study we described a new method for automated hair decontamination and EtG extraction from the inner core of the hair by using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up; validation was performed according to SWGTOX guidelines. The extraction efficiency of the new method was evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained by a validated and ISO/IEC 17025:2005 accredited method; an average positive difference of +32% was observed when the extraction was performed by PLE. The effect of hair pulverization was also studied and a good correlation between cut and milled hair was observed, implying that PLE allowed a highly efficient extraction of EtG from the inner keratin core of the hair, no matter if it has been cut or pulverized. Finally, to verify the results, paired aliquots of 27 real hair samples were analyzed with both PLE and a protocol optimized by design-of-experiment strategies planned to maximize the extraction yield; in this case a comparable efficiency was observed, suggesting that exhaustive EtG extraction was obtained with both approaches. This finding opens new perspectives in the eligible protocols devoted to hair EtG analysis, in terms of speed, automation, and reproducibility.

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Evidence of seasonal variation of ethyl glucuronide in hair: Modeling a seven‐year data series

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Detox shampoos for EtG and FAEE in hair – Results from in vitro experiments

Detox shampoos for EtG and FAEE in hair – Results from in vitro experiments

Markers of Alcohol Use

Accelerated Extraction and Analysis of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair by Means of Pressurized Liquid Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination

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