Evidence of potentially unrelated AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae from cattle, cattle products and hospital environments commonly harboring the blaACC resistance determinant

Abstract

The occurrence and genetic relatedness of AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical environments, groundwater, beef, human and cattle faeces were investigated. One hundred seventy-seven (177) samples were collected and cultured on MacConkey agar. A total of 203 non-repetitive isolates were characterised using genus/species-specific PCRs and the identified isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The production of AmpC beta-lactamases was evaluated using cefoxitin disc, confirmed by the D96C detection test and their encoding genes detected by PCR. The D64C extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) test was also performed to appraise ESBLs/AmpC co-production. The genetic fingerprints of AmpC beta-lactamase producers were determined by ERIC-PCR. A total of 116 isolates were identified as E. coli (n = 65), Shigella spp. (n = 36) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 15). Ciprofloxacin resistance (44.4–55.4%) was the most frequent and resistance against the Cephem antibiotics ranged from 15–43.1% for E. coli, 25–36.1% for Shigella spp., and 20–40% for K. pneumoniae. On the other hand, these bacteria strains were most sensitive to Amikacin (0%), Meropenem (2.8%) and Piperacillin-Tazobactam (6.7%) respectively. Nineteen (16.4%) isolates comprising 16 E. coli and 3 Shigella spp. were confirmed as AmpC beta-lactamase producers. However, only E. coli isolates possessed the corresponding resistance determinants: blaACC (73.7%, n = 14), blaCIT (26%, n = 5), blaDHA (11%, n = 2) and blaFOX (16%, n = 3). Thirty-four (27.3%) Enterobacteriaceae strains were confirmed as ESBL producers and a large proportion (79.4%, n = 27) harboured the blaTEM gene, however, only two were ESBLs/AmpC co-producers. Genetic fingerprinting of the AmpC beta-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates revealed low similarity between isolates. In conclusion, the findings indicate the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from cattle, beef products and hospital environments that commonly harbour the associated resistance determinants especially the blaACC gene, nonetheless, there is limited possible cross-contamination between these environments.

Evaluation of six commercial and in-house phenotypic tests for detection of AmpC β-lactamases: is routine detection possible?

“…AmpC was detected in 49/321(15.2%) isolates. Matloko et al 22 reported confirmation of AmpC in 50% of isolates while Hashemi et al 23 reported 28% positivity. It detects inducible, derepressed and constitutive AmpC in both chromosomal and plasmid AmpC producers.…”

Analyses of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase, Metallo-β-Lactamase, and AmpC-β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae from the Dairy Value Chain in India

“…The AmpC-associated genes that have been identified in this study, namely bla CMY , bla MOX , bla FOX , bla EBC , and bla DHA , have been previously documented in both humans and animals in certain countries, including India [57,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76].…”

Rare Plasmid-Mediated AmpC Beta-Lactamase DHA-1 Located on Easy Mobilized IS26-Related Genetic Element Detected in Escherichia coli from Livestock and Food in Germany

“…Further, bla DHA-1 was detected in Enterobacterales, such as Proteus mirabilis , E. coli and K. pneuomoniae , collected from pig production in India and Korea [ 12 , 27 ]. Food of animal origin can also be considered a source of bla DHA-1 as it has been described in a number of publications in recent years, especially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from bovine and ovine meat, raw milk and fishery products from Iran [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] but also in K. pneumoniae and E. coli strains isolated from shrimp in Germany, in E. coli isolated from beef products in South Africa and in K. pneumoniae isolated from ready-to-eat sandwiches in Algeria [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”