Evidence of partial deferment of digestion during diving in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Rosen, David A. S.; Gerlinsky, Carling D.; Trites, Andrew W.

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.04.017

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Overall, the results indicated that meal size and submergence in 981 water changed the relationship between V O2 and fH. It is unclear the degree to 982 which these differences are associated with circulatory changes that sea lions may 983 undergo in preparation for diving that at least partly alter the course of digestion (as 984 discussed earlier in relation to Rosen et al 2015;Svärd et al 2009). 985…”

Section: Foraging Strategies: Interacting Effects Of Physiology Preymentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The results of Rosen et al (2015) produce predictive mathematic equations, and ideally to determine the accuracy 860 and precision of these techniques. Some, such as the doubly labelled water turnover 861 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 method, have been well-described, but only provide a single value of energy 862 expenditure over extended timeframes rather than specific costs of diving, and are 863 therefore not discussed here (for validation studies in otariids see Butler et al 2004;864 Dalton et al 2014).…”

Section: Foraging Strategies: Interacting Effects Of Physiology Preymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean

et al. 2016

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1Marine mammals are characterised as having physiological specializations that 2 maximize use of oxygen stores to prolong time spent under water. However, it has 3 been difficult to undertake controlled studies to determine the physiological 4 limitations and trade-offs that marine mammals face while diving in the wild under 5 varying environmental and nutritional conditions. For the past decade, Steller sea 6 lions (Eumetopias jubatus) trained to swim and dive in the open ocean away from 7 the physical confines of pools participated in studies that investigated the 8 interactions between diving behaviour, energetic costs, physiological constraints, 9and prey availability. Many of these studies measured the costs of diving to 10 understand how they vary with behaviour and environmental and physiological 11 conditions. Collectively, these studies show that the type of diving (dive bouts or 12 single dives), the level of underwater activity, the depth and duration of dives, and 13 the nutritional status and physical condition of the animal affect the cost of diving 14 and foraging. They show that dive depth, dive and surface duration, and the type of 15 dive result in physiological adjustments (heart rate, gas exchange) that may be 16 independent of energy expenditure. They also demonstrate that changes in prey 17 abundance and nutritional status causes sea lions to alter the balance between time 18 spent at the surface acquiring oxygen (and offloading CO2 and other metabolic by-19 products) and time spent at depth acquiring prey. These new insights into the 20 physiological basis of diving behaviour furthers understanding of the potential 21 scope for behavioural responses of marine mammals to environmental changes, the 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Diving metabolism of Steller sea lions 3 energetic consequences of these adjustments, and the consequences of approaching 23 physiological limits. 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Diving metabolism of Steller sea lions 4The need to study diving metabolism 25Marine mammals are well known for being able to remain submerged for extended 26 durations. Early studies of marine mammals (mainly phocid or "true" seals) 27 investigated the anatomical features by which they managed to do so. These include 28 adaptations for withstanding the intense pressures experienced at depth and 29 greater relative on-board oxygen stores than their terrestrial counterparts, which 30 allows them to remain active during submergence breath-holding. For example, 31 elevated oxygen storage is present in both circulating haemoglobin and the 32 myoglo...

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Section: Foraging Strategies: Interacting Effects Of Physiology Preymentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Foraging Strategies: Interacting Effects Of Physiology Preymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean

et al. 2016

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“…Although our trials were much shorter than this 4-h peak time (≤60 min), there is still the possibility of a smaller digestive effect. However, recent research conducted at the same facility as our study found evidence that Steller sea lions partially defer digestion during diving (Rosen et al 2015). Therefore, the facts that the trial durations were short, that animals were fed 20 g increments instead of a bulk meal, and that cumulative food fed was not a significant factor in the LME models suggest that HIF's potential effect on the relationship between ODBA and sV O 2 was minimal.…”

Section: Predicting Rates Of Diving Oxygen Consumption From Odbamentioning

confidence: 45%

Validating the relationship between 3-dimensional body acceleration and oxygen consumption in trained Steller sea lions

et al. 2015

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We tested the ability of overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) to predict the rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) in freely diving Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) while resting at the surface and diving. The trained sea lions executed three dive types-single dives, bouts of multiple long dives with 4-6 dives per bout, or bouts of multiple short dives with 10-12 dives per bout-to depths of 40 m, resulting in a range of activity and oxygen consumption levels. Average metabolic rate (AMR) over the dive cycle or dive bout calculated was calculated from [Formula: see text]. We found that ODBA could statistically predict AMR when data from all dive types were combined, but that dive type was a significant model factor. However, there were no significant linear relationships between AMR and ODBA when data for each dive type were analyzed separately. The potential relationships between AMR and ODBA were not improved by including dive duration, food consumed, proportion of dive cycle spent submerged, or number of dives per bout. It is not clear whether the lack of predictive power within dive type was due to low statistical power, or whether it reflected a true absence of a relationship between ODBA and AMR. The average percent error for predicting AMR from ODBA was 7-11 %, and standard error of the estimated AMR was 5-32 %. Overall, the extensive range of dive behaviors and physiological conditions we tested indicated that ODBA was not suitable for estimating AMR in the field due to considerable error and the inconclusive effects of dive type.

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“…Cumulative food fed was not a significant factor in any of the models presented below. Consequently, the short duration of the trials (< 60 min) coupled with the fact that animals did not consume bulk meals and that sea lions can potentially partially defer digestion while diving (Rosen et al 2015), all suggest that the heat increment of feeding (HIF; Rosen & Trites 1997) did not confound our study results (see 'Discussion' for more details).…”

Section: Animalmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The animals in our study consumed smaller 20 g pieces of food over < 60 min instead of ingesting bulk meals, as in Rosen & Trites (1997). Additionally, recent research has shown that Steller sea lions can partially defer digestion while foraging (Rosen et al 2015). Specifically, the increase in metabolism associated with HIF when sea lions were diving was only 46% of the increase seen in pre-dive, and post-dive MRs were greater in the animals fed 1 h before a dive trial compared with animals fasted overnight, indicating that the additive effect of digestion was reduced or partial during diving under normal nutritional conditions.…”

Section: Odba Is a Poor Predictor Of Sv O 2 : Physiological And Physimentioning

confidence: 95%

Transiting to depth disrupts overall dynamic body acceleration and oxygen consumption rate in freely diving Steller sea lions

Volpov¹,

Goundie²,

Rosen³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Previous research has presented contradictory evidence on the ability of overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) to predict mass-corrected oxygen consumption (sV O 2) in airbreathing diving vertebrates. We investigated a potential source of these discrepancies by partitioning the ODBA−sV O 2 relationship over 3 phases of the dive cycle (transiting to and from depth, bottom time, and post-dive surface interval). Trained Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus executed 4 types of dives to 40 m (single dives, long-duration dive bouts of 4−6 dives, short-duration dive bouts of 10 or 12 dives, and transit dives with minimal bottom duration). Partitioning single dives by dive phase showed differing patterns in the ODBA−sV O 2 relationship among dive phases, but no significant linear relationships were observed. The proportion of the dive cycle spent tran siting to and from the surface was a significant predictive factor in the ODBA−sV O 2 relationship, while bottom duration or post-dive surface interval had no effect. ODBA only predicted sV O 2 for dives when the proportion of time spent transiting was small. The apparent inability of ODBA to reliably predict sV O 2 reflects differences in the inherent relationships between ODBA and sV O 2 during different phases of the dive. These results support the growing body of evidence that ODBA on its own is not a reliable field predictor of energy expenditure at the level of the single dive or dive bout in air-breathing diving vertebrates likely because ODBA (a physical measure) cannot account for physiological changes in sV O 2 that occur during the different phases of a dive cycle.

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Evidence of partial deferment of digestion during diving in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean

Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean

Validating the relationship between 3-dimensional body acceleration and oxygen consumption in trained Steller sea lions

Transiting to depth disrupts overall dynamic body acceleration and oxygen consumption rate in freely diving Steller sea lions

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