Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous amber

Poinar, George; Buckley, Ron

doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.02.004

Cited by 53 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Archaeomarasmius legettii (94-90 Myr) 73 was used to define minimum age constraint (92 Myr) for the origin of marasmioid clade (as used in a previous study 74 ). Palaeoagaricites antiquus (100-110 Myr) is the oldest fossil can be placed within Agaricales 75 , hence we constrained the MRCAs of this order to a minimum age of 108 Myr. To define the minimum age constraint of the origin of Boletales to 84 Myr, we referred to published analyses 27 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

et al. 2017

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T he genus Armillaria causes root rot disease in both gymnoand angiosperms, in forests, parks, and even vineyards in more than 500 host plant species 1 across the world. Most Armillaria species are facultative necrotrophs, which, after colonizing and killing the root cambium, transition to a saprobic phase, decomposing dead woody tissues of the host. As saprotrophs, Armillaria spp. are white rot (WR) fungi, which can efficiently decompose all components of plant cell walls, including lignin, (hemi-)cellulose and pectin 2 . They produce fleshy fruiting bodies (honey mushrooms) that appear in large clumps around infected plants and produce sexual spores. The vegetative phase of Armillaria is predominantly diploid rather than dikaryotic like most basidiomycetes.Individuals of Armillaria can reach immense sizes and include the 'humongous fungus' , one of the largest terrestrial organisms on Earth 3 , measuring up to 965 hectares and 600 tons 4 , and can display a mutation rate ≅ 3 orders of magnitude lower than most filamentous fungi 5 . Individuals reach this immense size via growing rhizomorphs, dark mycelial strings 1-4 mm wide that allow the fungus to bridge gaps between food sources or host plants 1,6 (hence the name shoestring root rot). Rhizomorphs develop through the aggregation and coordinated parallel growth of hyphae, similar to some fruiting body tissues 7,8 . As migratory and exploratory organs, rhizomorphs can grow approximately 1 m yr −1 and cross several metres underground in search for new hosts, although roles in uptake and longrange translocation of nutrients have also been proposed 1,9,10 . Root contact by rhizomorphs is the main mode of infection by the fungus, which makes the prevention of recurrent infection in Armillariacontaminated areas particularly difficult 1 . Despite their huge impact on forestry, horticulture and agriculture, the genetics of the pathogenicity of Armillaria species is poorly understood. The only -omics data published so far have highlighted a substantial repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) and secreted proteins, among others, in A. mellea and A. solidipes 11,12 , while analyses of the genomes of other pathogenic basidiomycetes (such as Moniliophthora 13,14 , Heterobasidion 15 and Rhizoctonia 16 ) identified genes coding for PCWDEs, secreted and effector proteins or secondary metabolism (SM) as putative pathogenicity factors. However, the lifecycle and unique dispersal strategy of Armillaria prefigure other evolutionary routes to pathogenicity, which, along with other potential genomic factors (such as transposable elements 17 ) are not yet known.Here, we investigate genome evolution and the origin of pathogenicity in Armillaria using comparative genomics, transcriptomics

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

et al. 2017

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“…Similar structures occasionally are encountered in the leaf fossil record (Labandeira et al, 2007; DT49 on p. 13). Other defenses are formation of sheaths surrounding individual hyphae or fascicles of hyphae, and deposition of gums and resins (Cleary et al, 2012b), which have a rich fossil record as amber and copal that frequently incorporate the vector of the fungus (Poinar and Buckley, 2007), but rarely reveal evidence of the fungal disease (Poinar and Poinar, 2005). Profuse production of gums and resins often occurs in woody tissues of conifers and flowering plants as a defense from pathogenic fungi and those wood-boring insects that particularly target cambial tissues as a larval food resource (Villari et al, 2012).…”

Section: How Do Pathogens Attack Plant-organs and Tissues And How Do mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant paleopathology and the roles of pathogens and insects

Labandeira

Prevec

2014

International Journal of Paleopathology

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“…In contrast to these fungal-plant associations, the fossil record of fungal-animal interactions consists of fungi associated with coral and marine shell borings and microarthropod fecal pellets from the Silurian (Sherwood-Pike and Gray, 1985), and trichomycetes (ubiquitously associated with arthropods today) that occur with Triassic insect exoskeletons (White and Taylor, 1989). Fungi are also described with plants in dinosaur coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Lameta Formation of India (Sharma et al, 2005) and co-occur with microbes, algae, and arthropods in Cretaceous and Eocene amber (Taylor, 1990;Schmidt et al, 2006;Poinar and Buckley, 2007). The sample in this study represents the first report of fungi preserved in a fossil turtle egg.…”

Section: The Fossil Record Of Fungimentioning

confidence: 72%

Fungi in a Lower Cretaceous Turtle Egg From China: Evidence of Ecological Interactions

Jackson

Jin

Schmitt

2009

PALAIOS

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Fossil fungi and arthropod body parts are present in one of 27 unhatched eggs in a turtle egg clutch from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Liangtoutang Formation, Zhejiang Province, China. The fossil fungal structures include branching septate hyphae, conidiophores supporting multiple phialides, and chains of up to five basipetal conidia (asexual spores). The morphology of the fossil fungus is similar to extant taxa within the genus Penicillium (order Eurotiales), making it the first reported intact Early Cretaceous asexual ascomycete and the earliest record of a presumed intact Penicillium. Biomineralization, a physiologic response to calcium-rich microenvironments, occurs in some extant fungi and may have facilitated detailed preservation of the fossil specimen. This rare evidence of fungal-animal association provides clues to clutch-related paleoecological interactions. The fungus-bearing egg occurs on the clutch periphery, whereas adjacent and more distant eggs show no evidence of fungal invasion. We suggest that the fungi were opportunistic contaminants invading after the egg was compromised, and the fungus failed to spread to adjacent eggs prior to burial and fossilization.

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Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous amber

Cited by 53 publications

References 8 publications

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

Genome expansion and lineage-specific genetic innovations in the forest pathogenic fungi Armillaria

Plant paleopathology and the roles of pathogens and insects

Fungi in a Lower Cretaceous Turtle Egg From China: Evidence of Ecological Interactions

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