Evidence of high-temperature rock salt transformations in areas of occurrence of borate minerals (Zechstein, Kłodawa salt dome, Poland)

Toboła, Tomasz; Wachowiak, Jacek

doi:10.7306/gq.1390

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…The K³odawa Salt Dome is the larg est salt struc ture in Po land. It be longs to the Izbica Kujawska-£êczyca salt ridge (e.g., Werner et al, 1960;Wachowiak and Tobo³a, 2014;Tobo³a, 2016;Tobo³a and Wachowiak, 2018). The length of the dome is 26 km in the NW-SE di rec tion and its width var ies from 0.5 to 2 km.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microhardness analysis of halite from different salt-bearing formations

Toboła¹,

Cyran²,

Rembiś³

2019

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As so ci ate ed i tor: Wojciech Drzewicki Micro hard ness tests were car ried out on sin gle ha lite crys tals. They were con ducted on the (001) sur face, with the in denter set in two di rec tions: par al lel to the ha lite face (010); and par al lel to the (110) face. The ha lite crys tals rep re sent salt for mations of dif fer ent ages (De vo nian, Zechstein, Badenian), depths (from 1835.5 to 195 m) and in ten si ties of tec tonic dis turbance (hor i zon tally strat i fied, salt dome, strongly folded). The mea sure ment re sults re vealed spe cific fea tures of the ha lite crys tals ana lysed. Firstly, the data ob tained show micro hard ness ani so tropy in ha lite crys tals. More over, micro hard ness corre lates with the depth of the salt-bear ing for ma tions. Ha lite crys tals from deeper lev els showed higher micro hard ness, though there was no cor re la tion be tween the in ten sity of tec tonic de for ma tion and the av er age Vickers hard ness (HV). The sam ples ana lysed show a vari abil ity of HV val ues and and of the shapes of im prints. These in di cate zones where ha lite crystals are de formed at the atomic level and re flects the pres ence of de fects in the crys tal lat tice. Such de for ma tion is re flected in an ir reg u lar ity of the strike of cleav age planes. Con se quently, the anal y sis of im print shapes is a use ful method for the exam i na tion of duc tile min er als and ma te ri als. Key words: micro hard ness, ha lite, salt for ma tion, crys tal de fects, dis lo ca tions, shape of im print.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microhardness analysis of halite from different salt-bearing formations

Toboła¹,

Cyran²,

Rembiś³

2019

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“…Temperature measurements based on inclusions in anhydrite crystals embedded in the halite salt showed homogenisation temperatures in the range of 350 • C to 450 • C, while inclusions in anhydrite crystals embedded in a boracite layer were found to vary between 197.8 • C and 473.8 • C [19] Ref. [18] also observed euhedral, doubly terminated quartz crystals embedded in both halite and anhydrite.…”

Section: Coloured Salts In the Klodawa Salt Stock Polandmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Tobola and [19] conclude that the Klodawa salt dome and other salt domes in Poland have mineral beds and homogenisation temperatures that are difficult to explain by sedimentary or diagenetic processes. Their observations are not consistent with the hypothesis that the salts and other minerals (e.g., quartz, pyrite, and marcasite) were formed by seawater evaporation.…”

Section: Coloured Salts In the Klodawa Salt Stock Polandmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Challenged Evaporite Paradigm?

Johnsen,

Hovland,

Rueslatten

2024

Minerals

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The general subject of this article deals with the term salt. Salt deposits usually contain chlorides, sulphates/gypsum, borates, carbonates, etc., that are seemingly part of the same system. Even though this article mainly presents data and observations on chlorides, which are not easily explained by the present paradigm, it should also prove relevant for the formation of sulphates and other types of salts observed in major salt deposits. The paradigm explaining large salt deposits rests on two pillars governing salt formation and salt deformation. Salt formation is thought to occur vis solar evaporation of seawater in restricted basins. Salt deformation and forming of salt diapirs is thought to occur due to gravity-induced movements. Our review presents peer-reviewed and published data and observations from different authors within different disciplines that challenge the present evaporite paradigm. The current theory/paradigm rests on numerous observations and interpretations in support of it. Adding more observational interpretations in support of the paradigm will not nullify even one observation that contradicts or remains unexplained by the theory. The contradicting evidence must be explained within the present paradigm for it to survive. Significant observations of and within salt deposits are presented, as well as visual and geophysical observations of salinity in crusts and mantles in relevant tectonic settings. In our view, the omnipresent salinity observed in the subsurface needs to be understood and included in the description of a new salt formation mechanism in order to fully explain all features presented herein.

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“…In another paper, Tobola and Wachowiak (2018) studied different aspects within the Klodawa salt dome, albeit in a boracite layer. The observed homogenization temperatures within inclusions in anhydrite crystals varied between 197,8°C and 473,8°C.…”

Section: Noble Gases In Bedded Salt Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicates crystallization temperatures above 339°C (congolite) and above 270°C (boracite). Tobola and Wachowiak (2018) concluded: «Consequently, conditions typical of hydrothermal systems are suggested by: high homogenization temperatures, a wide range of those temperatures, as well as the presence of inclusions, with their homogenization towards gas». This suggests that the salts and other minerals (e.g.…”

Section: Noble Gases In Bedded Salt Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The "Global Salt Cycle": Formation of Giant Salt Accumulations, a Result of Subduction, Mantle Upwelling, and Rifting

Johnsen¹,

Rueslåtten²,

Hovland³

2021

Preprint

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The main objective of this communication is to describe the ‘Global Salt Cycle’. Giant salt accumulations are commonly found along continental margins of former rifts. The first stage in the accumulation process is saturation of newly formed oceanic crust with seawater. Final mobilisation and accumulation of the salts occurs during rifting, localised in the vicinity of relict subduction zones. Oceanic crust is created along the spreading ridges in the deep oceans of the Earth. It exchanges mass and energy with seawater in hydrothermal circulation cells that penetrate deep into the new and fractured crust. Water-rock interactions include the formation of hydrated and hydroxylated minerals, e.g., serpentinites and clay minerals. By incorporating hydroxyl groups and water in their crystal lattices, the salinity of remaining brines increases. Subduction of oceanic crust and serpentinised lithosphere transports water, hydrated minerals, and marine salts deep into the crust and mantle. Upon pressurisation and heating of the subducting slab, different parts of this water are expelled at different depths/temperatures. The resulting fluids will contain salts brought in with the slab, as well as new salts formed by water-rock interaction. The combination of elevated pressures and temperatures, water, salinity, and CO2, create permeability in the normally impermeable, peridotitic mantle, by altering the fluid-rock dihedral angles of mineral grains. This P/T-determined intergranular permeability allows ascent of saline fluids, under lithostatic pressure, within the mantle wedge, or the slab itself. The fluids produce a mechanically weakened and buoyant zone within the mantle wedge due to high pore pressure between mineral grains and reduced mantle density. During the lifetime of a subduction zone, a substantial accumulation of saline fluids within the mantle wedge and crust, is evident. Deep, fluid reservoirs accumulate between the subduction trench and the volcanic front. They may exist for hundreds of millions of years, even after the extinction of the subduction zone. Saline fluids may escape to the surface along deep faults, due to overfilling of available pores/fractures. Fluids within the mantle wedge may form rock melts or exist as supercritical, mineral rich fluids. The combination of reduced pressure due to rifting, and a saline and buoyant mantle, creates a mantle circulation that brings the accumulated, saline fluids, to crustal levels. Salts will therefore accumulate during initial stages of rifting as a result of massive fluid expulsion, phase change and boiling of mantle fluids. No extra energy is required to produce phase change and boiling. The result is formation of solid salts or dense brines/slurries invading fractured crustal rocks, or escaping to the surface/seabed. This process may take place both before and after the sea has invaded a continental rift.

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Evidence of high-temperature rock salt transformations in areas of occurrence of borate minerals (Zechstein, Kłodawa salt dome, Poland)

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Microhardness analysis of halite from different salt-bearing formations

Microhardness analysis of halite from different salt-bearing formations

A Challenged Evaporite Paradigm?

The "Global Salt Cycle": Formation of Giant Salt Accumulations, a Result of Subduction, Mantle Upwelling, and Rifting

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