Evidence of genotypes 1 and 3 of avian hepatitis E virus in wild birds

Zhang, Xinquan; Bilić, Ivana; Troxler, Salome; Heß, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.028

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A larger study investigating infection of wild birds with avian HEV, which belongs to the species Orthohepevirus B , was published very recently (Zhang, Bilic, Troxler, & Hess, ). In this study, swabs from 626 wild birds originating from 62 species from Austria were investigated by RT‐PCR.…”

Section: Hev Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review

Spahr

Knauf-Witzens²,

Vahlenkamp

et al. 2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

101

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SummaryHepatitis E is a human disease mainly characterized by acute liver illness, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Large hepatitis E outbreaks have been described in developing countries; however, the disease is also increasingly recognized in industrialized countries. Mortality rates up to 25% have been described for pregnant women during outbreaks in developing countries. In addition, chronic disease courses could be observed in immunocompromised transplant patients. Whereas the HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are mainly confined to humans, genotypes 3 and 4 are also found in animals and can be zoonotically transmitted to humans. Domestic pig and wild boar represent the most important reservoirs for these genotypes. A distinct subtype of genotype 3 has been repeatedly detected in rabbits and a few human patients.Recently, HEV genotype 7 has been identified in dromedary camels and in an immunocompromised transplant patient. The reservoir animals get infected with HEV without showing any clinical symptoms. Besides these well-known animal reservoirs, HEVspecific antibodies and/or the genome of HEV or HEV-related viruses have also been detected in many other animal species, including primates, other mammals and birds.In particular, genotypes 3 and 4 infections are documented in many domestic, wildlife and zoo animal species. In most cases, the presence of HEV in these animals can be explained by spillover infections, but a risk of virus transmission through contact with humans cannot be excluded. This review gives a general overview on the transmission pathways of HEV to humans. It particularly focuses on reported serological and molecular evidence of infections in wild, domestic and zoo animals with HEV or HEVrelated viruses. The role of these animals for transmission of HEV to humans and other animals is discussed. K E Y W O R D Scross-species transmission, domestic animals, hepatitis E virus, wildlife, zoo animals, zoonosis

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Section: Hev Infection In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review

Spahr

Knauf-Witzens²,

Vahlenkamp

et al. 2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

101

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“…10 Among the well-characterized animal strains of HEV are the genotypes 3 and 4 swine HEV within species Orthohepevirus A in domestic and wild pigs 11,12 and the genotypes 1 to 4 avian HEV within species Orthohepevirus C in chickens. 13,14 The recent identification of genetically diversified strains of HEV across a wide range of animal species, including bat, 15 fish, 16 rat, 17 ferret, 18 rabbit, 19 wild boar, 12 moose, 20 mongoose, 21 deer, 22 and camel, 23 greatly expanded the host range and diversity of the virus. Ruminant species, including deer, 22 goats, 24 sheep, and cattle, 25 have been implicated as a potential reservoir as either immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-HEV or viral RNA has been detected in these species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HEV is a recognized zoonotic agent with numerous known animal reservoirs . Among the well‐characterized animal strains of HEV are the genotypes 3 and 4 swine HEV within species Orthohepevirus A in domestic and wild pigs and the genotypes 1 to 4 avian HEV within species Orthohepevirus C in chickens . The recent identification of genetically diversified strains of HEV across a wide range of animal species, including bat, fish, rat, ferret, rabbit, wild boar, moose, mongoose, deer, and camel, greatly expanded the host range and diversity of the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for an unknown agent antigenically related to the hepatitis E virus in dairy cows in the United States

Yugo

Cossaboom

Heffron

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains within the species Orthohepevirus A in the family Hepeviridae are zoonotic. Recently, a genotype 4 HEV was reportedly detected in fecal samples of cows, although independent confirmation is lacking. In this study, we first tested serum samples from 983 cows in different regions in the United States for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti‐HEV and found that 20.4% of cows were seropositive. The highest seroprevalence rate (68.4%) was from a herd in Georgia. In an attempt to genetically identify HEV in cattle, a prospective study was conducted in a known seropositive dairy herd by monitoring 10 newborn calves from birth to 6 months of age for evidence of HEV infection. At least 3 of the 10 calves seroconverted to IgG anti‐HEV, and importantly the antibodies presented neutralized genotype 3 human HEV, thus, indicating the specificity of IgG anti‐HEV in the cattle. However, our extensive attempts to identify HEV‐related sequences in cattle using broad‐spectrum reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assays and MiSeq deep‐sequencing technology failed. The results suggest the existence of an agent antigenically related to HEV in cattle, although, contrary to published reports, we showed that the IgG recognizing HEV in cattle was not caused by HEV infection.

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“…More avian strains of HEV are continuing to be discovered in expanded bird species. Avian HEV isolates have now been discovered in the little egret ( Egretta garzetta ) with 60–70% identity to genotype 1 avian HEV, the little owl ( Athene noctua ), song thrush ( Turdus philomelos ) [134] and feral pigeon ( Columba livia domestica ) [135]. Even in the United States a sparrow HEV was discovered and showed higher similarity to chicken HEV strains (71–78% and 80% identity) than to little egret HEV (55% and 68% identity) [136].…”

Section: Hepatitis E Virus Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

The Current Host Range of Hepatitis E Viruses

Kenney

2019

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitting both human to human via the fecal oral route and from animals to humans through feces, direct contact, and consumption of contaminated meat products. Understanding the host range of the virus is critical for determining where potential threats to human health may be emerging from and where potential reservoirs for viral persistence in the environment may be hiding. Initially thought to be a human specific disease endemic to developing countries, the identification of swine as a primary host for genotypes 3 and 4 HEV in industrialized countries has begun a long journey of discovering novel strains of HEV and their animal hosts. As we continue identifying new strains of HEV in disparate animal species, it is becoming abundantly clear that HEV has a broad host range and many of these HEV strains can cross between differing animal species. These cross-species transmitting strains pose many unique challenges to human health as they are often unrecognized as sources of viral transmission.

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Evidence of genotypes 1 and 3 of avian hepatitis E virus in wild birds

Cited by 31 publications

References 20 publications

Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review

Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review

Evidence for an unknown agent antigenically related to the hepatitis E virus in dairy cows in the United States

The Current Host Range of Hepatitis E Viruses

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