Evidence of dilute ferromagnetism in rare-earth doped yttrium aluminium garnet

Farr, Warrick G.; Goryachev, Maxim; Floch, Jean-Michel Le; Bushev, Pavel; Tobar, Michael E.

doi:10.1063/1.4931432

Applied Physics Letters

2015

DOI: 10.1063/1.4931432

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Evidence of dilute ferromagnetism in rare-earth doped yttrium aluminium garnet

Warrick G. Farr

Maxim Goryachev

Jean-Michel Le Floch

et al.

Abstract: This work demonstrates strong coupling regime between an Erbium ion spin ensemble and microwave Hybrid Cavity-Whispering Gallery Modes in a Yttrium Aluminium Garnet dielectric crystal. Coupling strengths of 220 MHz and mode quality factors in excess of 10 6 are demonstrated. Moreover, the magnetic response of high-Q modes demonstrates behaviour which is unusual for paramagnetic systems. This behaviour includes hysteresis and memory effects. Such qualitative change of the system's magnetic field response is int… Show more

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Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…In that respect, circuit Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) with RE doped crystals at the femtowatt power level and at milli-Kelvin temperatures presents a first step towards the implementation of a quantum memory [20,21]. A strong coupling regime accompanied with large collective coupling strength 30-200 MHz has been recently demonstrated [22][23][24]. However, reversible mapping of temporal microwave modes in a RE spin ensemble has not been shown.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

et al. 2015

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Hybrid quantum system combining circuit QED with spin doped solids are an attractive platform for distributed quantum information processing. There, the magnetic ions serve as coherent memory elements and reversible conversion elements of microwave to optical qubits. Among many possible spin-doped solids, erbium ions offer the unique opportunity of a coherent conversion of microwave photons into the telecom C-band at 1.54 µm employed for long distance communication. In our work, we perform a time-resolved electron spin resonance study of an Er 3+ :Y2SiO5 spin ensemble at milli-Kelvin temperatures and demonstrate multimode storage and retrieval of up to 16 coherent microwave pulses. The memory efficiency is measured to be 10 −4 at the coherence time of T2 = 5.6 µs. We observe a saturation of the spin coherence time below 50mK due to full polarization of the surrounding electronic spin bath.A future quantum communication technology will combine three basic types of subsystems: Transmission channels, repeater stations and information processing nodes [1,2]. Similarly to classical communication networks, photons propagating through optical fiber channels are ideal for carrying quantum states over long distances and distribute entanglement between information processing nodes [3]. These computational nodes or quantum processors may be realized by employing single atomic or macroscopic solid-state systems. Among a plethora of solid state devices, superconducting (SC) qubits are one of the most promising building blocks for a future quantum computer [4]. Many ground breaking experiments have recently been demonstrated with SC qubits including the measurement of long coherence and relaxation times of up to 0.1 ms [5], coherent operation of up to three-qubit processors [6], the implementation of a deterministic two-qubit gate [7] and the realization of a basic surface code for fault tolerant computing [8]. These qubits operate at microwave frequencies and cryogenic temperatures. In order to embed them into the emerging quantum optical internet technology a coherent interface between optical and microwave photons is required [9].Ensembles of rare-earth (RE) ions doped into a crystal are a suitable system for coherent photon conversion between optical and microwave frequency bands [10][11][12]. Such RE doped crystals are currently at the forefront of quantum communication research, where many thrilling achievements such as the demonstration of a quantum memory at the optical telecom C-band [13], high efficiency storage of optical photons [14], generation of entanglement between two RE doped crystals [15] and quantum teleportation between a telecom O-band photon (1.34 µm) and a RE doped crystal [16] have been reported. Also, RE doped crystals are considered to have a great potential as a multimode optical memory element in a future quantum repeater technology [17], and storage and retrieval of 64 temporal optical modes at the single photon level has been demonstrated [18].A crucial step towards the development of a microwav...

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Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

et al. 2015

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“…WGM resonators have been considered as microwave-to-optical up converters with one photon efficiency. 22 Recently, these types of modes have been used for ultrasensitive microwave spectroscopy of paramagnetic impurities in dielectric crystals [23][24][25][26][27] with efficient sensitivity to detect naturally occurring impurities at the level of few parts per billion. This particular property make WGM system promising for HQS experiments involving long coherence photons and spins in solids.…”

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“…More details of the experimental setup have been given previously. 23,24,26,27 The experimental procedure presupposes scanning of the external DC magnetic field and monitoring the cavity response. 23,24 When the splitting between energy levels approaches the WGM resonance frequency, the system exhibits an avoided crossing between two Harmonic Oscillators: one is the photon mode and the other is the spin ensemble.…”

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confidence: 99%

Discovery of iron group impurity ion spin states in single crystal Y2SiO5 with strong coupling to whispering gallery photons

Goryachev

Farr

Carvalho

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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Interaction of Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM) with dilute spin ensembles in solids is an interesting paradigm of Hybrid Quantum Systems potentially beneficial for Quantum Signal Processing applications. Unexpected ion transitions are measured in single crystal Y2SiO5 using WGM spectroscopy with large Zero Field Splittings at 14.7GHz, 18.4GHz and 25.4GHz, which also feature considerable anisotropy of the g-tensors, as well as two inequivalent lattice sites, indicating spins from Iron Group Ion (IGI) impurities. The comparison of undoped and Rare-Earth doped crystals reveal that the IGIs are introduced during co-doping of Eu 3+ or Er 3+ with concentration at much lower levels of order 100 ppb. The strong coupling regime between an ensemble of IGI spins and WGM photons have been demonstrated at 18.4 GHz and near zero field. This approach together with useful optical properties of these ions opens avenues for 'spins-in-solids' Quantum Electrodynamics.

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“…14 Conversely, if interaction strengths vary too greatly then either macroscopic phase segregation (like interactions favoured, e.g. eutectics 15 ) or component ordering (unlike interactions favoured, e.g.…”

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Compositional nanodomain formation in hybrid formate perovskites

et al. 2017

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We report the synthesis and structural characterisation of three mixed-metal formate perovskite families [C(NH 2 ) 3 ]M 1−x Cu x (HCOO) 3 (M = Mn, Zn, Mg). Using a combination of infrared spectroscopy, non-negative matrix factorization, and reverse Monte Carlo refinement, we show that the Mn-and Zn-containing compounds support compositional nanodomains resembling the polar nanoregions of conventional relaxor ferroelectrics. The M = Mg family exhibits a miscibility gap that we suggest reflects the limiting behaviour of nanodomain formation.Compositional heterogeneity is an essential ingredient in a number of important classes of functional materials. 1 Arguably the clearest example is that of the relaxor ferroelectrics, such as (1 − x)Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -xPbTiO 3 (PMN-PT): 2 here an inhomogeneous distribution of B-site cations allows the formation of polar nanoregions (PNRs), 3-5 the collective motion of which is responsible for the giant electromechanical response observed and exploited experimentally. 6,7 Recently, the same ideas have been extended to relaxor ferromagnets, 8 which are in turn conceptually related to cluster spin glasses, 9 known for their exotic magnetic memory effects. 10 Likewise, in some porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), inhomogeneous vacancy distributions 11 affect gas uptake 12 via a mechanism that is analogous to ion conduction pathways in compositionally-heterogeneous solid-oxide fuel-cell materials. 13 From a materials design perspective, the existence of nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities relies on a delicate balance of interaction strengths at the atomic scale. If the interaction between [18][19][20] It was in this context that we sought to explore cation distributions in the mixed-metal formate perovskites [Gua]Cu x M 1−x (HCOO) 3 (Gua + = C(NH 2 ) + 3 ; M = Mn, Zn, Mg). It has been known for some time that many formate perovskites show relaxor-like dielectric behaviour, [21][22][23] which is usually associated with glassy dynamics of the organic (A-site) cation. 24,25 Indeed a recent 13 C NMR study of [(CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 ]Zn(HCOO) 3 even demonstrated the spontaneous formation of fluxional PNRs during the onset of ferroelectric order. 26 By contrast, the exploration of mixed-metal formate perovskites is rather less well developed. 27-31 Our focus here on the [Gua]M(HCOO) 3 family is motivated by the link in this particular system between polarization and cooperative Jahn-Teller (JT) order for M = Cu [ Fig. 1]. 28,32,33 In particular, we anticipated that substitution on the Cu site by JT-inactive cations (i.e., Mn, Zn, Mg; note Cd gives a different structure type 28,34 ) might be expected to reduce the length-scale of polar order, and-if clustering were found to occur-then favour the formation of PNRs in Cu dilute compositions.Moreover, a computational study of [Gua]Mn 0.5 Cu 0.5 (HCOO) 3 has recently suggested strong enhancement in both polarization and magnetization relative to the Mn-and Cu-containing end-members. 35 Our focus here is on the synthesis and structural char...

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Evidence of dilute ferromagnetism in rare-earth doped yttrium aluminium garnet

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

Microwave multimode memory with an erbium spin ensemble

Discovery of iron group impurity ion spin states in single crystal Y2SiO5 with strong coupling to whispering gallery photons

Compositional nanodomain formation in hybrid formate perovskites

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