Evidence of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) in wild birds and its public health implication in Egypt

Ahmed, Zeinab; Elshafiee, Esraa A.; Khalefa, Hanan S.; Kadry, Mona; Hamza, Dalia

doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0657-5

Cited by 63 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…These genes are often associated with bla CMY-2 and florR genes, which are found in animal enterobacterial isolates, and also with an insertion sequence, IS Apl1 , known in Pasteurella multocida , an animal pathogen [ 172 ]. Nowadays, Enterobacteriaceae harboring mcr genes are recovered from patients and healthy subjects [ 173 ], hospital surfaces [ 174 ], raw meat [ 123 ], livestock [ 175 ], fresh vegetables [ 176 ], wild birds [ 177 ], and surface samples from public transportation [ 178 ], indicating community spread. Moreover, mcr genes are being detected in enterobacterial isolates with other resistance genes.…”

Section: Special Features and Spread Of Polymyxin Resistance Amongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymyxins and Bacterial Membranes: A Review of Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance

2020

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Following their initial discovery in the 1940s, polymyxin antibiotics fell into disfavor due to their potential clinical toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity. However, the dry antibiotic development pipeline, together with the rising global prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria have both rejuvenated clinical interest in these polypeptide antibiotics. Parallel to the revival of their use, investigations into the mechanisms of action and resistance to polymyxins have intensified. With an initial known effect on biological membranes, research has uncovered the detailed molecular and chemical interactions that polymyxins have with Gram-negative outer membranes and lipopolysaccharide structure. In addition, genetic and epidemiological studies have revealed the basis of resistance to these agents. Nowadays, resistance to polymyxins in MDR Gram-negative pathogens is well elucidated, with chromosomal as well as plasmid-encoded, transferrable pathways. The aims of the current review are to highlight the important chemical, microbiological, and pharmacological properties of polymyxins, to discuss their mechanistic effects on bacterial membranes, and to revise the current knowledge about Gram-negative acquired resistance to these agents. Finally, recent research, directed towards new perspectives for improving these old agents utilized in the 21st century, to combat drug-resistant pathogens, is summarized.

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Section: Special Features and Spread Of Polymyxin Resistance Amongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymyxins and Bacterial Membranes: A Review of Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance

2020

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“…The role of wildlife in the dissemination of mcr in the environment and human population has been reported in Africa [ 69 ]. In Egypt, 15 (12.3%) mcr -1-carrying strains (nine E .…”

Section: Plasmid-mediated Colistin Resistance Among Isolates From mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pneumoniae , and P . aeruginosa ), respectively, were detected among 122 isolates from wild (resident/migratory) birds [ 69 ], suggesting that diverse organisms ( Enterobacteriaceae and non- Enterobacteriaceae ) habouring different mcr gene types are colonizing wildlife in North Africa. The resident birds probably picked the MGCB from an environment contaminated with anthropogenic/agricultural wastes, while the migratory birds possibly picked organisms from other places and transported them to Algeria.…”

Section: Plasmid-mediated Colistin Resistance Among Isolates From mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene Harbouring Isolates from Different Ecosystems in Africa

Anyanwu

Okpala

Chah

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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The mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene threatens the efficacy of colistin (COL), a last-line antibiotic used in treating deadly infections. For more than six decades, COL is used in livestock around the globe, including Africa. The use of critically important antimicrobial agents, like COL, is largely unregulated in Africa, and many other factors militate against effective antimicrobial stewardship in the continent. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. In Africa, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, mcr-8, and mcr-9 have been detected in isolates from humans, animals, foods of animal origin, and the environment. These genes are harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Different conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids form the backbone for mcr in these isolates; however, mcr-1 and mcr-3 have also been integrated into the chromosome of some African strains. Insertion sequences (ISs) (especially ISApl1), either located upstream or downstream of mcr, class 1 integrons, and transposons, are drivers of mcr in Africa. Genes coding multi/extensive drug resistance and virulence are colocated with mcr on plasmids in African strains. Transmission of mcr to/among African strains is nonclonal. Contact with mcr-habouring reservoirs, the consumption of contaminated foods of animal/plant origin or fluid, animal-/plant-based food trade and travel serve as exportation, importation, and transmission routes of mcr gene-containing bacteria in Africa. Herein, the current status of plasmid-mediated COL resistance in humans, food-producing animals, foods of animal origin, and environment in Africa is discussed.

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“…The presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in wild birds screened in Egypt has been confirmed with high homology, with samples collected from adjacent water, and both lack the homology with the human isolates [18]. Despite the relatively low number of samples, a recent study [18] suggests that water contaminated with domestic animal sewage could be a possible source of antimicrobial genes in bacteria found in wild birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

et al. 2020

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Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E. coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66-96% and 23-43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds' habitats is urgently needed.

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Evidence of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 and mcr-2) in wild birds and its public health implication in Egypt

Cited by 63 publications

References 44 publications

Polymyxins and Bacterial Membranes: A Review of Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance

Polymyxins and Bacterial Membranes: A Review of Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance

Prevalence and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene Harbouring Isolates from Different Ecosystems in Africa

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

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