Evidence of a Local Incumbency Advantage

Trounstine, Jessica

doi:10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00013.x

Cited by 120 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Some risk assessments will be unique to the particular office being considered. Scholars of U.S. Congressional elections have examined from many angles how candidate quality affects the cost-benefit analysis that someone considering a candidacy will make, including the incumbency advantage, 164,165,166 party support of a candidacy, 167 and fundraising capacity. 168,169,170,171 This categorization of risk types is not, by any means, a comprehensive description of every potential risk consideration that an individual evaluates whether or not to seek political office.…”

Section: Sweet-cushmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, risk assessment, and political ambition

Sweet-Cushman

2016

Polit. life sci.

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ABSTRACT. In the United States, women have long held the right to vote and can participate fully in the political process, and yet they are underrepresented at all levels of elected office. Worldwide, men's dominance in the realm of politics has also been the norm. To date, scholars have focused on supply-side and demand-side explanations of women's underrepresentation but differences in how men and women assess electoral risk (the risk involved in seeking political office) are not fully explained. To fill this gap, I explore how evolutionary theory offers insights into gendered differences in political ambition and the evaluation of electoral risk. Using the framework of life-history theory, I hypothesize that both cognitive and environmental factors in human evolution, particularly as they relate to sexual selection and social roles, have shaped the psychology of ambition in gendered ways affecting contemporary politics. Cognitive risk-assessment mechanisms evolving in the hominid line came to be expressed differently in females and males, in women and men. These gendered expressions plausibly reflect differentiable environmental pressures in the past and may help explain behaviors in and barriers to women's electoral political activity in the present. If so, then the success of efforts to increase such activity -or, regressively, to suppress it -may be better understood.Key words: Political ambition, gender differences, evolutionary theory, electoral risk assessment M ale officeholders are the norm in political representation both worldwide and in the United States in particular. Across the globe, gender parity in political representation is unusual, and instances of women's overrepresentation are extremely rare. 1 In the United States, women make up slightly more than half of the population and earned the right to vote and participate fully in the political process many decades ago. Nevertheless, in recent U.S. history, less than a quarter of state legislators have been women; women have held few state executive offices; and women have comprised less than 20 percent of the membership of the U.S. Congress. 2 Proponents of greater gender equality in U.S. political representation continue to wonder why more women do not run for or hold political office when so many of the societal and structural barriers to their participation have diminished. The leading explanations tend to focus on candidate emergence and cultural doi: 10.1017/pls.2016.13Correspondence: Jennie Sweet-Cushman, Department of History, Political Science, and International Studies, Chatham University, 0 Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15232. Email: jsweetcushman@chatham.edu and psychological factors that contribute to men and women having different levels of political ambition. 3,4 However, these theories do not address what I consider to be critical questions: What role does electoral risk play in political ambition, and can evolutionary theory provide insight into gendered differences in risk assessment and political ambition? I argue that the ...

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Section: Sweet-cushmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, risk assessment, and political ambition

Sweet-Cushman

2016

Polit. life sci.

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“…Literatura światowa na ten temat jest dość ekstensywna (np. : Oliver, Ha, Callen 2012;Trounstine 2011).…”

Section: Dominacja Inkumbentów I Jej Przyczynyunclassified

Determinants of Re-election of Incumbents to Communal Executive Offices in Urban and Urban-Rural Communes in 2014

Bartnicki

2018

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Acta Politica

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S łowa kluc zowe czynniki reelekcji burmistrzów, wybory 2014, egzekutywa gminna Abstrak tW artykule przedstawiono ewaluację wybranych cech stanowiących charakterystykę gmin i kandydatów pod kątem możliwości moderacji szans reelekcji inkumbentów na stanowiskach kierowników gminnej egzekutywy w gminach miejskich i miejsko-wiejskich w wyborach w 2014 r. Wnioski sugerują, że szanse reelekcji w tych wyborach w tej grupie stanowisk efektywnie moderowały m.in. takie zmienne jak: staż na stanowisku, posiadanie większości w radzie gminy, typ afiliacji komitetu wyborczego inkumbenta oraz wartości w roku wyborczym takich zmiennych charakteryzujących gminy jak: wydatki majątkowe inwestycyjne per capita, procent wydatków gmin na kulturę, procent wydatków gmin na pomoc społeczną czy liczba fundacji, stowarzyszeń i organizacji społecznych -poza OSPna 10 tys. ludności. Determinants of Re-election of Incumbents to Communal Executive Offices in Urban andUrban-Rural Communes in 2014.Key words determinants of re-election of mayors, 2014 election, communal executive Abstrac tThe article presents the evaluation of selected characteristics of communes and candidates in terms of possible moderation of chances of re-election of incumbents as the managers of communal executive in urban and urban-rural communes in the 2014 election. The conclusions suggest that the chance of re-election in that election in the above-mentioned group of offices was effectively moderated i.a., by variables such as: the duration of holding the office before, having the majority in the communal council, the type of affiliation of the incumbent's election committee, and the values of the following variables in the year of the election: the commune's asset-related investment expenditure per capita, % of commune's expenditure on culture, p.c. of commune's expenditure on social welfare, as well as the number of foundations, associations and social organizations except Voluntary Fire Brigades per 10 thousand residents.

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“…Obecność inkumbenta w wyborach lokalnych ułatwia decyzję wyborczą również z tego wzglę-du, że w wyborach tego typu często brakuje dla wyborcy wyraźnego identyfikatora, jakim jest afiliacja partyjna (Hajnal, Lewis, Louch, 2002). W rodzimych wyborach gminnej egzekutywy i legislatywy, ale też w takich wyborach w USA czy Kanadzie, kandydaci reprezentujący partie polityczne należą do mniejszości (Trounstine, 2011;Moore, McGregor, Stephenson, 2015;Oliver, Ha, Callen, 2012). Wyborcy, decydując za pomocą uproszczeń, stereotypów, wybierają inkumbenta nie jako opcję najlepszą, ale najłatwiejszą w wyborze.…”

Section: Wprowadzenieunclassified

“…Wprowadzona została do analiz zjawisk społecznych przez Thistlethwaiteʼa i Campbella (1960), a w zakresie weryfikacji incumbency advantage zastosowana początkowo przez Lee (2001Lee ( , 2008, a w dalszej kolejności przez liczne grono badaczy, np. Butler (2009), Duraisamy, Lemennicier, Khouri (2014), Uppal (2009), Titiunik (2011), Trounstine (2011), Macdonald (2014. W zakresie tej klasy metod zmienną wejściową (niezależną) pozostaje najczęściej przewaga kandydata, operacjonalizowana analogicznie lub w sposób zbliżony jak w bieżącej analizie, w której ta zmienna odgrywa akurat rolę zmiennej zależnej, co scharakteryzowano w dalszej części.…”

Section: Metodologiaunclassified

Determinants of candidate advantage in communal executive direct elections

Bartnicki

2016

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Acta Politica

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Abstrak tW artykule przedstawiono sposób, w jaki czynniki, które można uznawać za istotne, wpły-wają na przewagę kandydatów w wyborach bezpośrednich do gminnej egzekutywy. Analizę pod tym kątem, przy zastosowaniu regresji wielorakiej, przeprowadzono w zakresie wyborów w latach 2006, 2010 i 2014. Wyniki analizy sugerują m.in., że wśród inkumbentów najwyższą przewagę uzyskują ubiegający się po raz pierwszy o reelekcję.

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Evidence of a Local Incumbency Advantage

Cited by 120 publications

References 35 publications

Gender, risk assessment, and political ambition

Gender, risk assessment, and political ambition

Determinants of Re-election of Incumbents to Communal Executive Offices in Urban and Urban-Rural Communes in 2014

Determinants of candidate advantage in communal executive direct elections

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