Evidence of a latitudinal gradient in spider diversity in Australian cotton

Whitehouse, Mary; Hardwick, S.; Scholz, B.; Annells, Amanda J.; Ward, A. R.; Grundy, Paul; Harden, S.

doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01874.x

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…At smaller (i.e., local and landscape) spatial scales, spiders have been shown to respond strongly to habitat (Koponen, 1987;Rypstra et al, 1999;Muff et al, 2009), whereas at broad spatial scales spiders seem to follow spatial predictors (e.g., latitude) quite well (Finch et al, 2008;Whitehouse et al, 2009). However, at a regional scale, habitat complexity has been shown to be more important than spatial predictors (e.g., elevation) in determining spider FIG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pitfall trapping is useful for studying arthropod biodiversity at large spatial scales (e.g., Gotelli and Ellison, 2002;Chatzaki et al, 2005;Whitehouse et al, 2009) and allows for consistent and repeatable sampling. Each pitfall trap consisted of a transparent plastic container (6 cm in diameter, 7 cm deep) half filled with 1:1 water and propylene glycol.…”

Section: Experimental Design and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At regional and continental scales, spider species richness has been correlated with latitude and mean annual temperature (Finch et al, 2008;Whitehouse et al, 2009). Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) are a model taxon for investigating the effects of spatial gradients on species assemblages at regional scales (i.e., 200 -4000 km, Waide et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spider Assemblages across Elevational and Latitudinal Gradients in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Bowden¹,

Buddle²

2010

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. Arthropod assemblages in the Arctic are set for substantial changes in response to climate change, yet we know little about the ecological structure of many groups in the North. We tested the effects of elevation and latitude on northern spider assemblages by sampling along nine mountains across three latitudes in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Spiders were collected in 216 pitfall traps placed at four elevations along each of the nine mountains, representing 36 sites sampled across three latitudes (i.e., distinct mountain ranges). We collected 1954 individuals representing 89 species, 57 genera, and 12 families of spiders. Using nested ANOVAs, we found significant main effects of latitude, elevation, and an interaction of the two factors on species richness and abundance. Using MRPP and NMS ordination, we also found significant effects of latitude and mountain on species composition, but within each of the three latitudes, only elevation produced significant effects. Our study suggests that changes along spatial gradients associated with changes in habitat can have significant effects on the structure of spider assemblages, but responses vary among mountain ranges. We show that within a given mountain range, individual mountains may be used as spatial replicates for studies about northern arthropod assemblages.Key words: spider assemblages, elevation, latitude, Yukon Territory, diversity, species composition, terrestrial arthropods, Araneae RÉSUMÉ. Les assemblages d'arthropodes de l'Arctique connaîtront des changements substantiels en raison du changement climatique mais malgré cela, nous en savons peu sur la structure écologique de nombreux groupes du Nord. Nous avons mis à l'épreuve les effets de l'élévation et de la latitude sur les assemblages d'araignées du Nord en prélevant des échantillons sur neuf montagnes réparties sur trois latitudes dans le territoire du Yukon, au Canada. Les araignées ont été recueillies à l'aide de 216 pièges placés à quatre élévations différentes le long de chacune des neuf montagnes, ce qui a représenté 36 emplacements échantillonnés sur trois latitudes (c'est-à-dire des chaînes de montagnes distinctes). Nous avons recueilli 1 954 individus représentant 89 espèces, 57 genres et 12 familles d'araignées. À l'aide d'analyses de variances (ANOVA), nous avons relevé d'importants effets découlant de la latitude, de l'élévation et de l'interaction de deux facteurs sur la richesse et l'abondance des espèces. Au moyen de l'ordination MRPP et NMS, nous avons également constaté que la latitude et la montagne ont des incidences considérables sur la composition des espèces, mais au sein de chacune des trois latitudes, seule l'élévation produisait des effets importants. Notre étude laisse entendre que les changements en matière de gradients spatiaux liés aux changements d'habitat peuvent avoir des effets considérables sur la structure d'assemblages d'araignées, mais les réactions varient d'une chaîne de montagne à l'autre. Nous montrons que dans une chaîne de montagne donnée, les mont...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Design and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spider Assemblages across Elevational and Latitudinal Gradients in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Bowden¹,

Buddle²

2010

ARCTIC

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“…The number of individuals of each taxon per m 2 per site was summed across the samples collected in each region (NSW 756,Queensland 231 and WA 450). For these taxa, we selected a number of families for inclusion in the literature search based on their likely impact on pest species as described in previous studies (Waterhouse & Sands 2001;Pearce et al 2004;Furlong et al 2004b;Tsitsilas et al 2006;Holloway et al 2008;Whitehouse et al 2009;Tsitsilas et al 2011). The sampling techniques used in this study (beating the vegetation and vacuum samples) were useful for the day-active natural enemies on plants but may have missed ground-active and nocturnal species.…”

Section: Priority Taxa Listmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying critical research gaps that limit control options for invertebrate pests in Australian grain production systems

et al. 2019

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is often described as a knowledge-intensive approach to invertebrate pest management, requiring information on the biology, ecology and phenology of a pest combined with an understanding of the interactions between crop growth and pests and between pests and their natural enemies. We conducted a systematic quantitative literature review to summarise what is known about pest and natural enemy species common to Australian grain production systems, based on 1513 published and unpublished research studies. Drawing on this information, we address three issues: what are the knowledge gaps in relation to grain pests and their natural enemies, do these knowledge gaps limit the development of an IPM package for grain growers in Australia and what further ecological or biological information might growers require to enhance the use of IPM approaches for managing pests? The main gaps identified include a lack of understanding around specific factors that lead to pest outbreaks or factors that could be useful for predicting when and where pest outbreaks will occur in the future. Monitoring techniques for many pests are not well developed, and therefore, it is difficult to link the density recorded in a field with crop damage and yield loss and to develop economic thresholds that can be linked with intervention decisions. For most natural enemies, the impact in terms of reduction in pest numbers has not been quantified, with very few studies including both pests and natural enemies together. There is large variability in the level of control provided by natural enemies between years and regions, and the factors leading to this variability are not well understood. Finally, the lack of taxonomic resolution for individual species within groups is identified as a critical knowledge gap. We suggest that a more comprehensive fundamental knowledge base is required across the invertebrate community in grain systems aimed at reducing insect pest outbreaks, combined with a greater depth of understanding in monitoring strategies for pests that contribute to pesticide-use decisions.

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“…One means of controlling mirids in cotton without resorting to sprays is to enhance key mirid predators. Two animals in the predator guild which are common in cotton are the damsel bug, Nabis kinbergii Reuter, and the lynx spider, Oxyopes molarius L. Koch (Whitehouse & Grimshaw 2007;Whitehouse et al 2009). Studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays techniques indicate that both of these predators attack mirids in the field (M.E.A.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From lynx spiders to cotton: Behaviourally mediated predator effects over four trophic levels

et al. 2010

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Food web studies often examine density and behaviourally mediated effects of predators on herbivores, but are less likely to assess the plant targeted by the herbivore.We conducted a study that incorporated four trophic levels examining the effect of two generalist predators (damsel bugs, Nabis kinbergii Reuter; and lynx spiders, Oxyopes molarius L. Koch) on damage to cotton bolls caused by green mirids (Creontiades dilutus (Stål)). First we tested whether lynx spiders and damsel bugs could control mirid numbers and cotton boll damage in field cages. We found that in cages containing mirids and only lynx spiders, lynx spiders reduced both mirid numbers and boll damage. However, in cages which contained mirids and both predators (lynx spiders and damsel bugs) only mirid numbers were reduced.To explain the negative effect of damsel bugs on boll damage, we examined the interactions between lynx spiders, damsel bugs and mirids. We found that lynx spiders were better mirid predators than damsel bugs, and that lynx spiders attacked damsel bugs, but not vice versa. Behaviourally, mirids responded to increasing predator pressure regardless of whether the predators were lynx spiders or damsel bugs. However, damsel bugs seemed to alter the behaviour of lynx spiders because in their presence, a higher proportion of lynx spiders moved to the top of the plant, towards the damsel bugs but away from the bolls found lower on the plant. These results suggest that the most likely explanation for the increase in boll damage in the presence of damsel bugs was that lynx spiders moved to the top of the plant in the presence of damsel bugs, which then exposed the bolls lower down on the plant to mirid attack. This work emphasizes the importance of behaviourally mediated effects in food webs extending over four trophic levels.

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Evidence of a latitudinal gradient in spider diversity in Australian cotton

Cited by 22 publications

References 49 publications

Spider Assemblages across Elevational and Latitudinal Gradients in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Spider Assemblages across Elevational and Latitudinal Gradients in the Yukon Territory, Canada

Identifying critical research gaps that limit control options for invertebrate pests in Australian grain production systems

From lynx spiders to cotton: Behaviourally mediated predator effects over four trophic levels

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