Evidence from paleosols for low to moderate elevation of the India-Asia suture zone during mid-Cenozoic time

Leary, Ryan J.; Quade, Jay; DeCelles, Peter G.; Reynolds, Amanda C.

doi:10.1130/g38830.1

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The collision of India with Asia is the most important driving force for the growth of the Tibetan plateau (Argand, ; Dewey, Shackleton, Chengfa, & Yiyin, ; Yin & Harrison, ), with the onset of collision at about 55 ± 10 Ma promoting significant changes in Tibetan plateau height and relief (Currie et al , ; Ding et al, ; Ding et al ; Leary, Quade, Decelles, & Reynolds, ; Rowley & Currie, ; Wang et al, ). Evidence shows that deformation in the hinterland of the plateau occurred before collision (Kapp, Yin, Harrison, & Ding, ; Murphy et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsidence and exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan plateau

Zhang

Sinclair

et al. 2019

Basin Research

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The subsidence and exhumation histories of the Qiangtang Basin and their contributions to the early evolution of the Tibetan plateau are vigorously debated. This paper reconstructs the subsidence history of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin with 11 selected composite stratigraphic sections and constrains the first stage of cooling using apatite fission track data. Facies analysis, biostratigraphy, palaeo-environment interpretation and palaeo-water depth estimation are integrated to create 11 composite sections through the basin. Backstripped subsidence calculations combined with previous work on sediment provenance and timing of deformation show that the evolution of the

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsidence and exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan plateau

Zhang

Sinclair

et al. 2019

Basin Research

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“…Finally, Xu et al note that the paleoclimate and paleo-elevation interpretations of Ding et al (2017) are nearly identical to those of Leary et al (2017). This is an important result in that it confirms the overall conclusions of both studies.…”

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confidence: 58%

“…However, this image does not convincingly show glass in the sample. Clay minerals, which the authors interpret to have weathered from glass, are abundant in Liuqu Conglomerate siltstones and paleosols (Leary et al, 2016(Leary et al, , 2017 and do not necessarily indicate a volcanic origin.…”

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confidence: 84%

Evidence from Paleosols for low to moderate elevation of the India-Asia suture zone during mid-Cenozoic time: REPLY

Leary

Quade

DeCelles

2018

Geology

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Xu et al. (2018) challenge the age interpretation and the geodynamic conclusions of Leary et al. (2017) and suggest that the Liuqu Conglomerate is Eocene in age, not early Miocene as interpreted in our study. We readily acknowledge that the age of the Liuqu Conglomerate remains poorly constrained, and assigning an age to these rocks requires weighing a variety of conflicting datasets. We provided a lengthy and detailed analysis of the age of the Liuqu Conglomerate in Leary et al. (2016) based on detrital zircon U-Pb data, detrital zircon fission-track (ZFT) data, detrital zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) analyses, palynological data, biotite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from a crosscutting dike, regional structural constraints, plant fossils, and soil carbonate δ 13 C values compared to the global curve. Taken as a whole, the age most consistent with all these data is ca. 19 Ma. Xu et al. selectively focus on three aspects of this dataset that they believe do not support a Miocene age. We address each of these here. 1. Detrital zircon U-Pb and ZFT data. We acknowledge that a robust age determination cannot be made using detrital zircon U-Pb data because the youngest population at ca. 18 Ma is made up of only two grains. However, un-reset ZFT maximum depositional ages from four samples, defined by youngest age peak, are 32.9-8.8/+11.9 Ma (n=4), 32.6-8.7/+11.8 Ma (n=4), 25.1-4.5/+5.5 Ma (n=6), and 15.1-3.0/+3.7 Ma (n=5) (Leary et al., 2016). 2. Biotite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data. Analyses of biotite from a dike crosscutting the base of the Liuqu Conglomerate yielded an 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau age of 20.1 ± 1.0 Ma. This provides a minimum depositional age for the base of the formation. This age overlaps (including analytical uncertainty and stratigraphic position) age estimates from detrital zircon U-Pb, detrital ZFT, detrital ZHe, palynological, carbon stable isotopic, and regional structural data. 3. Soil carbonate δ 13 C values. Xu et al. correctly note that taken in isolation, these data could indicate ages of ca. 75-50 Ma or <20 Ma. Thus, this individual dataset is consistent with age interpretations of Xu et al., Ding et al. (2017), and Leary et al. (2017). In their Comment, Xu et al. also call attention to data presented by Ding et al. (2017) as a refinement of the age of the Liuqu Conglomerate. The first of these datasets is a collection of plant fossils on which the paleoelevation analysis of Ding et al. (2017) was based. Xu et al. stated that 36 species have been identified and that this assemblage indicates a middle Eocene age. Ding et al. (2017) present 16 "representative" photos of these fossils in their supplemental data; however, they do not present any genera or species identifications or discuss the details of their age interpretation. Published analysis of 39 species of plant fossils identified from the Liuqu Conglomerate has interpreted a middle to late Eocene age (Fang et al., 2006). Fang et al. noted a high degree of similarity between fossil assemblages in the Liuqu Conglomerate and the Qiuwu Conglomerate, believed at that tim...

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“…South of the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone, the Himalayan orogen is composed of, from south to north, the Lesser Himalaya, Greater Himalaya, and Tethyan Himalaya (Yin, 2006;Guillot et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2013;Leary et al, 2017). The Greater Himalayan rocks are considered to be Indian basement that has been exhumed along the Main Central thrust (DeCelles et al, 2000).…”

Section: Tethyan Himalayamentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a new source for the Triassic Langjiexue Group: Evidence from a gabbro-diorite complex in the Gangdese magmatic belt and zircon microstructures from sandstones in the Tethyan Himalaya, southern Tibet

Zhao

et al. 2019

Geosphere

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Considerable debate persists as to the Triassic paleogeographic framework of the Neotethys and the origin of the Late Triassic Langjiexue Group in the Tethyan Himalaya. Triassic magmatic rocks in the Gangdese belt and Late Triassic Langjiexue sediments play a pivotal role in addressing these issues. Geochronological, petrological, and geochemical analyses have been performed on the Middle Triassic gabbro-diorite complex (with crystallization ages of ca. 244–238 Ma) from the Gangdese belt. These plutonic rocks are characterized by relatively low MgO and high Al2O3 contents, calc-alkaline trends, and depletion of Nb, Ta, and Ti, resembling low-MgO high-alumina basalts or basaltic andesites. These plutonic rocks exhibit depleted whole-rock εNd(t) values of ∼+5 and zircon εHf(t) values peaking at ∼+14. These features resemble those of rocks in a subduction-related arc setting. We also completed detrital zircon U-Pb dating and microstructure analysis for the sandstones of the Langjiexue Group in the Tethyan Himalaya. Zircon grains with ages >300 Ma are dominated by preweathered and weathered surfaces as well as fairly rounded to completely rounded scales, indicating a high degree of polycyclicity. In contrast, 300–200 Ma ones are characterized by fresh surfaces and completely unrounded to poorly rounded scales, indicating nearby sources. Collectively, our data, combined with published results, support that the subduction initiation of the Neotethys began no later than the Middle Triassic. Arc-affinity magmatic rocks supplied some materials to the Langjiexue Group. This scenario sheds new light on the provenance of the Langjiexue Group and the Triassic paleogeography of the Neotethyan realm.

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Evidence from paleosols for low to moderate elevation of the India-Asia suture zone during mid-Cenozoic time

Cited by 33 publications

References 35 publications

Subsidence and exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan plateau

Subsidence and exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan plateau

Evidence from Paleosols for low to moderate elevation of the India-Asia suture zone during mid-Cenozoic time: REPLY

Identification of a new source for the Triassic Langjiexue Group: Evidence from a gabbro-diorite complex in the Gangdese magmatic belt and zircon microstructures from sandstones in the Tethyan Himalaya, southern Tibet

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