Abstract:Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a leading cause of diarrhea in children and in the young of a large variety of mammalian and avian host species. The purpose of this study was to identify RVA in nomadic goats and calves during severe diarrhea outbreaks in 2012 and 2014 in Bouaarfa, Morocco, and to characterize the complete genomic constellation of two bovine and caprine strains (S18 and S19) and their genetic relatedness with the human strain ma31 detected in 2011 in Morocco. Partial nucleotide sequencing of V… Show more
“…Zoonotic transmission and reassortment of the gene segment events occur between animal and human RVA thus lead to an increased variety of strains infecting humans. 1,15,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] F I G U R E 2 The distribution of group A rotavirus genotypes that typically infect humans, animals and birds species. The segmented genome allows rotavirus to circulate between different species of human, animals and birds.…”
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis, causing 0.2 million deaths and several million hospitalisations globally each year. Four rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix TM , RotaTeq TM , Rotavac ® and ROTASIIL ® ) have been pre-qualified by the World Health Organization (WHO), but the two newly pre-qualified vaccines (Rotavac ® and ROTASIIL ® ) are currently only in use in Palestine and India, respectively. In 2009, WHO strongly proposed that rotavirus vaccines be included in the routine vaccination schedule of all countries around the world. By the end of 2019, a total of 108 countries had administered rotavirus vaccines, and 10 countries have currently been approved by Gavi for the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the near future. With 39% of global coverage, rotavirus vaccines have had a substantial effect on diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in different geographical areas, although efficacy appears to be higher in high income settings. Due to the segmented RNA genome, the pattern of RVA genotypes in the human population is evolving through interspecies transmission and/or reassortment events for which the vaccine might be less effective in the future. However, despite the relative increase in some particular genotypes after rotavirus vaccine use, the overall efficacy of rotavirus mass vaccination worldwide has not been affected. Some of the challenges to improve the effect of current rotavirus vaccines can be solved in the future by new rotavirus vaccines and by vaccines currently in progress.
“…Zoonotic transmission and reassortment of the gene segment events occur between animal and human RVA thus lead to an increased variety of strains infecting humans. 1,15,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] F I G U R E 2 The distribution of group A rotavirus genotypes that typically infect humans, animals and birds species. The segmented genome allows rotavirus to circulate between different species of human, animals and birds.…”
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis, causing 0.2 million deaths and several million hospitalisations globally each year. Four rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix TM , RotaTeq TM , Rotavac ® and ROTASIIL ® ) have been pre-qualified by the World Health Organization (WHO), but the two newly pre-qualified vaccines (Rotavac ® and ROTASIIL ® ) are currently only in use in Palestine and India, respectively. In 2009, WHO strongly proposed that rotavirus vaccines be included in the routine vaccination schedule of all countries around the world. By the end of 2019, a total of 108 countries had administered rotavirus vaccines, and 10 countries have currently been approved by Gavi for the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the near future. With 39% of global coverage, rotavirus vaccines have had a substantial effect on diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in different geographical areas, although efficacy appears to be higher in high income settings. Due to the segmented RNA genome, the pattern of RVA genotypes in the human population is evolving through interspecies transmission and/or reassortment events for which the vaccine might be less effective in the future. However, despite the relative increase in some particular genotypes after rotavirus vaccine use, the overall efficacy of rotavirus mass vaccination worldwide has not been affected. Some of the challenges to improve the effect of current rotavirus vaccines can be solved in the future by new rotavirus vaccines and by vaccines currently in progress.
“…Thus, protection of newborns is dependent on maternal antibody transfer, and this mechanism can vary depending on the route of administration, health status of the mother, and previous exposure of the mother to RV. The advent of plasmid-only-based RGSs for RVs will enable rational design of animal RV vaccines such as subunit vaccines, eliminating the need to propagate non-group-A RV [ 9 , 206 , 208 , 209 ].…”
Section: Rgss For Production Of Next-generation Rv Vaccines For Humans and Animalsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rotaviruses belonging to groups A, B, C, and H can infect humans and animals, while those belonging to groups D, F, and G predominantly infect animals [ 8 ]. Zoonotic transmission of animal RVs, such as those from group A, to humans has been observed in the field, and these animal RVs can cause diarrhea in humans [ 9 , 10 ]. Fig.…”
Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-021-05142-7.
“…Additionally, several symptoms caused by diarrhea may result in unnecessary stress and pain caused by anorexia and dehydration, which may ultimately result in death [ 3 , 50 ]. Furthermore, certain pathogens associated with calf diarrhea ( Cryptosporidium, rotavirus and Salmonella) can be harmful to human health due to their zoonotic potential, as well as their abilities to develop antimicrobial resistance which can be passed on when meat and milk is consumed [ 6 , 42 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”
Section: Causation Of Digestive Disorders In Neonatal Calvesmentioning
Diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaned dairy calves and, as such, represents a significant animal health and welfare concern. Furthermore, digestive disease early in life is associated with several long-term consequences such as reduced growth rate and decreased milk yield during the first lactation, thus generating severe economic losses. The majority of diarrheic cases in young calves are treated with antimicrobials; however, it is necessary to develop alternative treatments, as excessive antimicrobial usage can lead to antimicrobial resistance and can negatively impact the gut microflora of a calf. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immune and bioactive factors that improve immune function and development. This rich and natural combination of immunoglobulins, natural antimicrobial factors, growth factors, anti-inflammatories and nutrients may be an attractive alternative to antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea in young dairy calves. There is evidence that supports the use of colostrum as an early treatment for diarrhea in young calves. Future research should investigate its therapeutic and economic effectiveness.
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