2019
DOI: 10.3390/v11070674
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Evidence for West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Infections in Wild and Resident Birds in Germany, 2017 and 2018

Abstract: Wild birds play an important role as reservoir hosts and vectors for zoonotic arboviruses and foster their spread. Usutu virus (USUV) has been circulating endemically in Germany since 2011, while West Nile virus (WNV) was first diagnosed in several bird species and horses in 2018. In 2017 and 2018, we screened 1709 live wild and zoo birds with real-time polymerase chain reaction and serological assays. Moreover, organ samples from bird carcasses submitted in 2017 were investigated. Overall, 57 blood samples of… Show more

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Cited by 85 publications
(153 citation statements)
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“…Furthermore, these areas in Germany are directly neighboring countries reporting several years of WNV circulation (e.g., Czech Republic), leading to a high risk of short distance introductions e.g., by infected birds. The analysis also indicated that the areas along the Upper Rhine Valley in south-west Germany had a high suitability for WNV circulation, but no WNV activity was observed in all previous surveillance programs [8][9][10][11]. Most likely, no WNV introduction and circulation occurred yet, which underpins the thesis of the entries over short distances.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 88%
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“…Furthermore, these areas in Germany are directly neighboring countries reporting several years of WNV circulation (e.g., Czech Republic), leading to a high risk of short distance introductions e.g., by infected birds. The analysis also indicated that the areas along the Upper Rhine Valley in south-west Germany had a high suitability for WNV circulation, but no WNV activity was observed in all previous surveillance programs [8][9][10][11]. Most likely, no WNV introduction and circulation occurred yet, which underpins the thesis of the entries over short distances.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Moreover, there has been an exhaustive mosquito surveillance in place in Germany since 2009. By both surveillance approaches a variety of viruses were found, such as Sindbis virus, Batai virus and USUV, but not WNV [9][10][11]13,36,37]. At the same time, different long-distance, partial and short-distance migratory birds showed neutralizing antibodies against WNV before 2018 [9,11].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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