Evidence for the sequestration of hydrogen-bearing volatiles towards the Moon’s southern pole-facing slopes

McClanahan, T. P.; Митрофанов, И. Г.; Boynton, W. V.; Chin, G.; Bodnarik, J.; Droege, G.; Evans, L. G.; Golovin, D. V.; Hamara, D.; Harshman, K.; Litvak, M. L.; Livengood, T. A.; Malakhov, A.; Mazarico, E.; Milikh, G. M.; Nandikotkur, G.; Parsons, A.; Sagdeev, R. Z.; Санин, А. Б.; Starr, R.; Su, J. J.; Murray, Joseph

doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.10.001

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, a subsurface layer of ice could cause a lower d/D ratio, as observed of craters containing PSRs. Furthermore, the flatter average slopes on craters containing PSRs coincide with McClanahan et al [4], who observed that craters with an average wall slope of less than 20°are more likely to bound ice on the surface. Accordingly, if a layer of ice were present in these regions, we would expect the d/D ratio and the crater topography between the populations to be as distinguishable as we observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Depth to Diameter Analysis on Small Simple Craters at the Lunar South Pole—Possible Implications for Ice Harboring

et al. 2022

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In this paper, we present a study comparing the depth to diameter (d/D) ratio of small simple craters (200–1000 m) of an area between -88.5 to -90 latitude at the lunar south pole containing Permanent Shadowed Regions (PSRs) versus craters without PSRs. As PSRs can reach temperatures of 110 K and are capable of harboring volatiles, especially water ice, we analyzed the relationship of depth versus diameter ratios and its possible implications for harboring water ice. Variations in the d/D ratios can also be caused by other processes such as degradation, isostatic adjustment, or differences in surface properties. The conducted d/D ratio analysis suggests that a differentiation between craters containing PSRs versus craters without PSRs occurs. Thus, a possible direct relation between d/D ratio, PSRs, and water ice harboring might exist. Our results suggest that differences in the target’s surface properties may explain the obtained results. The resulting d/D ratios of craters with PSRs can help to select target areas for future In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) missions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Arnold [2] corroborated the idea of PSRs harboring volatiles, especially water ice, at the lunar south pole. Recent investigations also concur with this hypothesis (Nozette et al [3], McClanahan et al [4], and Susorney et al [5]) however, others (Eke et al [6], Haruyama et al [7]) did not find any compelling results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Depth to Diameter Analysis on Small Simple Craters at the Lunar South Pole—Possible Implications for Ice Harboring

et al. 2022

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“…Figure 14 shows the high correlation between the general trends with latitude of decreasing average illumination poleward with the reduction in neutron counts as measured by both the Lunar Prospector Neutron Spectrometer (LPNS) and the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) (Mazarico et al, 2011a). Further studies further established this link, and showed the importance of maximum slope and slope azimuth on the presence of subsurface volatiles (McClanahan et al, 2015). Another derived product, the so-called sky visibility that describes the sky solid angle visible from the surface, was important to correct the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) observations and measure the surface albedo at UV wavelengths (Gladstone et al, 2012).…”

Section: Illumination Conditions At the Lunar Polesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Summary of the results from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter after seven years in lunar orbit

Smith

Zuber

Neumann

et al. 2017

Icarus

130

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Highlights• LOLA acquired nearly 7 billion altimetric measurements of the Moon.• The LOLA-defined shape and reference frame enables accurate (<10m) geolocation globally. • The LOLA datasets, including topography, slope, roughness, and reflectance, supports geological and geomorphic studies of the lunar crust. • The high-resolution polar LOLA maps identified areas in permanent shadow and enable accurate illumination modeling. • Active and passive radiometry data were analyzed to inform surface composition and volatile distribution.

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“…Likewise, solar wind also directly interacts with asteroids or planets in absence of an atmosphere and intrinsic magnetic field. The best-known example is the interplay between the solar wind and the Moon [14,15]. Also in the direct surroundings of the Earth, several kinds of natural plasmas exist, such as the magnetosphere, plasmasphere, ionosphere and the polar auroras.…”

Section: Plasma-surface Interaction Physics -An Overarching Domain Wh...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale modeling of plasma–surface interaction—General picture and a case study of Si and SiO2 etching by fluorocarbon-based plasmas

Vanraes

Venugopalan

Bogaerts

2021

Applied Physics Reviews

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The physics and chemistry of plasma-surface interaction is a broad domain relevant to various applications and several natural processes, including plasma etching for microelectronics fabrication, plasma deposition, surface functionalization, nanomaterial synthesis, fusion reactors, and some astrophysical and meteorological phenomena. Due to their complex nature, each of these processes are generally investigated in separate subdomains, which are considered to have their own theoretical, modeling and experimental challenges. In this review, however, we want to emphasize the overarching nature of plasma-surface interaction physics and chemistry, by focusing on the general strategy for its computational simulation. In the first half of the review, we provide a menu card with standard and less standardized computational methods to be used for the multiscale modeling of the underlying processes. In the second half, we illustrate the benefits and potential of the multiscale modeling strategy with a case study of Si and SiO2 etching by fluorocarbon plasmas, and identify the gaps in knowledge still present on this intensely investigated plasma-material combination, both on a qualitative and quantitative level. Remarkably, the dominant etching mechanisms remain the least understood. The resulting new insights are of general relevance, for all plasmas and materials, including their various applications. We therefore hope to motivate computational and experimental scientists and engineers to collaborate more intensely on filling the existing gaps in knowledge. In this way, we expect that research will overcome a bottleneck stage in the development and optimization of multiscale models, and thus the fundamental understanding of plasma-surface interaction. TABLE OF CONTENTS wanderlust 3.3.2 Application-specific methods -specialize in the impossible 3.3.3 Machine learning -brainstorming by artificial intelligence 3.3.4 Plasma sheath modeling -matter's aura explained 3.4 Multiscale measuring -because nature is still the best simulation tool 4. PLASMA ETCHING -FROM SCRATCHING THE SURFACE TO GOING IN DEPTH 4.1 The multiscale plasma etching model -one example to represent them all 4.1.1 The need for a bottom-up approach -message in a bottleneck 4.1.2 Hybrid Plasma Equipment Model -example of a hybrid macroscale method 4.1.3 Plasma sheath module -example of a semi-analytical sheath method 4.1.4 Surface kinetics module -example of a deterministic description 4.1.5 Monte Carlo Feature Profile Model -example of a kinetic Monte Carlo method 4.1.6 Experimental benchmarking of the working principle -examples of multiscale measuring 4.1.7 Reactor geometry and operating conditions -example of a case study 4.2 How to implement the surface processes -example of atomistic modeling and measuring data 4.2.1 Elementary plasma-surface mechanisms -simplicity is the ultimate sophistication 4.2.2 Design of the surface chemistry set -a mosaic of quantum data 4.3 Benchmarking the simulation model -bringing uncertainties to the surface 5.

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Evidence for the sequestration of hydrogen-bearing volatiles towards the Moon’s southern pole-facing slopes

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

Depth to Diameter Analysis on Small Simple Craters at the Lunar South Pole—Possible Implications for Ice Harboring

Depth to Diameter Analysis on Small Simple Craters at the Lunar South Pole—Possible Implications for Ice Harboring

Summary of the results from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter after seven years in lunar orbit

Multiscale modeling of plasma–surface interaction—General picture and a case study of Si and SiO2 etching by fluorocarbon-based plasmas

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