Evidence for the Presence of the Summer-Morph-Producing Hormone in the Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Ito, Tadatoshi; Yamanaka, Akira; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Watanabe, Masayuki; Endo, Katsuhiko

doi:10.2108/zsj.18.1117

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Recently, Otaki (2007) proposed a hypothesis that the color-pattern modulators of V. indica wings are putative cold-shock hormones, ecdysteroids, and the enzymatic molecules in scale cells from the evolutional aspect of phenotypic plasticity. The hypothesis is based on ecdysteroid effect of color-pattern development shown in two seasonal polyphenic nymphalid and a lycaenid butterflies (Endo & Kamata, 1985;Koch & Bückmann, 1987;Rountree & Nijhout, 1995), not based on the development of seasonal morphs by SMPH secretion demonstrated in P. c-aureum and Pa. xuthus (Fukuda & Endo, 1966;Endo et al, 1988;Ito et al, 2001). Thus, further study is required to clarify the contribution of the cerebral factor showing SMPH activity in the wing-color pattern modification of non-polyphenic nymphalid species, V. cardui, V. indica and N. xanthomelas japonica.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We succeeded in identifying Pa. xuthus SMPH in their pupal brains through the development of a Pa. xuthus chilled male SD-pupal assay based on the Polygonia female SD-pupal assay (Ito et al, 2001). Hence, evidence of cerebral factors affecting wing coloration in seasonal non-polyphenic butterflies is a step toward a better understanding of the diversity of seasonal polyphenism among butterfly species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extracts of 0-day-old pupal brains of the three nymphalid butterflies were prepared according to the modified method of Ito et al (2001). Briefly, a batch of 100 pupal brains were homogenized in 1.5 mL of ice-cold acetone with a Teflon homogenizer and centrifuged for 10 min at 12 100 g at 4 o C. Each resulting supernatant (hereafter referred to as the acetone extract) was lyophilized and stored at -85 o C until use.…”

Section: Preparation Of Crude Extracts From Pupal Brainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, our previous studies showed that adults of Papilio xuthus (Papilionidae), Lycaena phlaeas daimio (Lycaenidae) and Bombyx mori (Bombycidae) exhibited seasonal polyphenism in wing coloration in response to environmental factors such as photoperiod and temperature (Endo & Murakami, 1985;Tsurumaki et al, 1999), and neuropeptide(s) showing SMPH activity was detected in the brain of each species following a Polygonia female short-day (SD)-pupal assay to detect SMPH activity (Endo et al, 1988;Tanaka et al, 1997). Therefore, SMPH and a cerebral factor showing SMPH activity are thought to be widespread among seasonal polyphenic lepidopterans irrespective of family (Endo et al, 1988;Starnecker et al, 1997;Ito et al, 2001).…”

Section: Preparation Of Crude Extracts From Pupal Brainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of a cerebral factor showing summer‐morph‐producing hormone activity in the brain of the seasonal non‐polyphenic butterflies Vanessa cardui, V. indica and Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

et al. 2009

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Presence of a cerebral factor showing summer-morphproducing hormone activity in the brain of the seasonal nonpolyphenic butterflies Vanessa cardui, V. indica and Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Abstract Three species of nymphalid butterflies, Vanessa cardui, V. indica and Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica, do not exhibit seasonal polyphenism in wing coloration. To determine whether seasonal non-polyphenic butterflies possess a cerebral factor affecting wing coloration, we used a Polygonia c-aureum female short-day pupal assay for detection of summer-morph-producing hormone (SMPH) activity in P. c-aureum. When 2% NaCl extracts of 25 brain-equivalents prepared from the pupal brains of V. cardui, V. indica or N. xanthomelas japonica were injected into Polygonia female short-day pupae, all recipients developed into summer-morph adults with dark-yellow wings, and the average grade score (AGS) of summer morphs showing SMPH activity was 3.8, 3.7 and 4.0, respectively. In contrast, when acetone or 80% ethanol extracts prepared from pupal brains were injected into Polygonia pupae, all recipients developed into autumn-morph adults with a dark-brown coloration and each exhibited an AGS of less than 0.5. Our results indicate that a cerebral factor showing SMPH activity is present in the pupal brain of seasonal non-polyphenic nymphalid butterflies, suggesting that a SMPH and cerebral factor showing SMPH activity occur widely among butterfly species. This finding will improve our understanding of the presence of cerebral factors showing interspecific actions of SHPH.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of Crude Extracts From Pupal Brainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of Crude Extracts From Pupal Brainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of a cerebral factor showing summer‐morph‐producing hormone activity in the brain of the seasonal non‐polyphenic butterflies Vanessa cardui, V. indica and Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

et al. 2009

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“…) and P. xuthus (Endo & Funatsu ; Ito et al . ). However, it is still unknown whether each SMPH identified in Po.…”

Section: Smph Activity Of 2% Nacl Extracts Derived From Brains Of Thrmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of larval brain extracts derived from three swallowtail butterflies, Papilio helenus L., P. machaon L. and P. memnon L., on seasonal morph development of P. xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Yamanaka

Morioka

Kinugasa

et al. 2014

Entomological Science

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Adults of the three papilionid butterflies, Papilio helenus L., Papilio machaon L. and Papilio memnon L., exhibit seasonal diphenism comprising spring and summer morphs. To elucidate the physiological mechanism underlying seasonal morph development in papilionid butterflies, we investigated whether a cerebral factor showing summer‐morph‐producing hormone (SMPH) activity is present in the brain of three Papilio species using an assay system with chilled male short‐day pupae of P. xuthus L. When 2% NaCl extracts derived from 20 larval brains of the three species were injected into abdomens of chilled male short‐day pupae of P. xuthus, all recipients destined to develop into spring‐morph adults developed into summer‐ and intermediate‐morph adults. On the other hand, all recipients injected with distilled water as a control developed into spring‐morph adults. These results indicate that a cerebral factor showing SMPH activity is present in the larval brain of the three Papilio species. Additionally, all recipients injected with 2% NaCl extracts derived from 20 adult brains of Bombyx mori L. also developed into summer‐ and intermediate‐morph adults. The results revealed that SMPH or a cerebral factor showing SMPH activity is widely distributed among lepidopteran insects.

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Changes of seasonal morph development induced by surgical operations in pupae of the large map butterfly Araschnia burejana Bermer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

et al. 2014

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The nymphalid butterfly Araschnia burejana and the papilionid butterfly Papilio xuthus exhibit seasonal diphenism comprising spring-morphs that develop from diapause pupae and summer-morphs that develop from non-diapause pupae. The development of seasonal morphs in A. burejana is regulated by the timing of secretion of ecdysteroids for adult development, whereas that in P. xuthus is regulated by the secretion of summer-morph-producing hormone, which is present in the brains and is under control of the photoperiod. We investigated whether a cerebral factor derived from brains plays a significant role in the regulation of seasonal morph development in A. burejana using surgical operations. Pairs of chilled diapause pupae that had been chilled for more than 3 months at 4°C were joined surgically to each other and then developed into spring-morph or spring-like-morph adults. Chilled diapause pupae that were joined with 1-day-old non-diapause pupae developed into summer-morph or summer-like-morph adults. When the brains of non-diapause pupae were removed surgically 6-8 hr after pupation with and without injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone, a large portion of them developed into spring-morph or spring-like-morph adults, respectively. Furthermore, 90% of non-diapause pupae developed into spring-morph or spring-like-morph adults when the neck was ligated within 5 min after pupation. These results indicated that a cerebral factor showing summer-morph-producing hormone activity, which is secreted from the brain in the early pupal stage, in addition to 20-hydroxyecdysone for adult development, play a significant role in the determination of summer-morph development in non-diapause pupae of A. burejana.

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Evidence for the Presence of the Summer-Morph-Producing Hormone in the Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Presence of a cerebral factor showing summer‐morph‐producing hormone activity in the brain of the seasonal non‐polyphenic butterflies Vanessa cardui, V. indica and Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Presence of a cerebral factor showing summer‐morph‐producing hormone activity in the brain of the seasonal non‐polyphenic butterflies Vanessa cardui, V. indica and Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Effect of larval brain extracts derived from three swallowtail butterflies, Papilio helenus L., P. machaon L. and P. memnon L., on seasonal morph development of P. xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Changes of seasonal morph development induced by surgical operations in pupae of the large map butterfly Araschnia burejana Bermer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

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