Evidence for the existence of an electroencephalographic synchronization mechanism originating in the lower brain stem

Cordeau, J. Pierre; Mancia, M

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(59)90054-9

Cited by 106 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…But, in the absence of influence from higher brainstem structures, the medulla, and caudal pons are unable to generate true NREM or REM sleep signs since the full expression of these states does not occur in chronic medullary or midpontine cats (Reinoso-Suárez et al, 2011). However, lesion and stimulation experiments in our and other laboratories demonstrated that EEG synchronizing hypnogenic influences on the rostral brainstem and prosencephalon originate in the caudal pons and medulla at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract (Magnes et al, 1961; Berlucchi et al, 1964; Reinoso-Barbero and De Andrés, 1995) and caudal pontine reticular nucleus (Batini et al, 1958; Cordeau and Mancia, 1959; Reinoso-Suárez et al, 1962; Rossi et al, 1963; Camacho-Evangelista and Reinoso-Suárez, 1964; Zarranz and Reinoso-Suárez, 1971; Reinoso-Suárez and De Andrés, 1976; Garzón, 1996). These findings, together with the rostral projections of these lower brainstem structures (Reinoso-Suárez et al, 1977), support the assertion by Moruzzi (1972) that the deactivating structures of the lower brainstem may inhibit the ascending reticular system and counteract its influence at the level of the diencephalon.…”

Section: Overview Of the Brain Structures Involved In Nrem Generationmentioning

confidence: 83%

Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

2011

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The state of non-REM sleep (NREM), or slow wave sleep, is associated with a synchronized EEG pattern in which sleep spindles and/or K complexes and high-voltage slow wave activity (SWA) can be recorded over the entire cortical surface. In humans, NREM is subdivided into stages 2 and 3–4 (presently named N3) depending on the proportions of each of these polygraphic events. NREM is necessary for normal physical and intellectual performance and behavior. An overview of the brain structures involved in NREM generation shows that the thalamus and the cerebral cortex are absolutely necessary for the most significant bioelectric and behavioral events of NREM to be expressed; other structures like the basal forebrain, anterior hypothalamus, cerebellum, caudal brain stem, spinal cord and peripheral nerves contribute to NREM regulation and modulation. In NREM stage 2, sustained hyperpolarized membrane potential levels resulting from interaction between thalamic reticular and projection neurons gives rise to spindle oscillations in the membrane potential; the initiation and termination of individual spindle sequences depends on corticothalamic activities. Cortical and thalamic mechanisms are also involved in the generation of EEG delta SWA that appears in deep stage 3–4 (N3) NREM; the cortex has classically been considered to be the structure that generates this activity, but delta oscillations can also be generated in thalamocortical neurons. NREM is probably necessary to normalize synapses to a sustainable basal condition that can ensure cellular homeostasis. Sleep homeostasis depends not only on the duration of prior wakefulness but also on its intensity, and sleep need increases when wakefulness is associated with learning. NREM seems to ensure cell homeostasis by reducing the number of synaptic connections to a basic level; based on simple energy demands, cerebral energy economizing during NREM sleep is one of the prevalent hypotheses to explain NREM homeostasis.

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Section: Overview Of the Brain Structures Involved In Nrem Generationmentioning

confidence: 83%

Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

2011

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“…Early experiments on cats have shown that the midpontine brainstem transection, which interrupts communication between the NTS and rostral brain structures, causes EEG desynchronisation [68,69]. Inversely, after spino-medullary transection (encéphale isolé) in cats, stimulation of aortic baroreceptor fibers simultaneously increased NTS neuron activity and drowsiness [70].…”

Section: The Potential Neural Pathways Of the Interactions Between Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional interactions between the baroreceptor reflex and arousal: an update

et al. 2015

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“…Sleep spindles are thought to represent a synchronizing mechanism in the thalamo-cortical system (Lindsley et a/. 1950, Cordeau and Mancia 1959, Velasco and Lindsley 1965, Skinner and Lindsley 1967. Although the underlying mechanisms for sleep spindle production are not clear, studies of the ontogeny of sleep spindles suggest that their evaluation could provide useful markers of central nervous system development and function during early infancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Sleep Spindle Activity During Infancy

Gould

Lee

et al. 1980

Develop Med Child Neuro

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SUMMARY Sleep spindle activity was evaluated in 32 twins at 52 weeks postconceptional age. Significantly increased mature spindle activity was seen in infants born at older gestational ages, in females, and in infants who were stressed by intra‐uterine growth retardation or with mild postnatal respiratory illness. RESUME Facteurs de preAdiction de I'activité de sommeil en fuseau au cours de la première enfance L'activité de sommeil en fuseau a été recherchée chez 32 jumeaux a 52 semaines d'age conceptuel. Une maturite significativement accrue d'activite en fuseau a été observee chez les nourrissons nes a un age de gestation plus tardif, chez les filles et chez les nourrissons ayant eu un retard de croissance intra‐uterin ou une detresse respiratoire post‐natale moderee. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Faktoren, die auf Schlafspindelaktivität im frühen Kindesalter hinweisen Bei 32 Zwillingen mit einem Konzeptionsalter von 52 Wochen wurde die Schlafspindelaktivitat untersucht. Eine signifikant vermehrte reife Spindelaktivität wurde bei Kindern gefunden, die ein hoheres Gestationsalter hatten, bei Madchen und bei Kindern, die eine intra‐uterine Wachstumsverzdgerung oder eine leichte postnatale respiratorische Erkrankung durchgemacht hatten. RESUMEN Factores predictivos de la actividad de los husos de sueno durante la lactancia La actividad de husos de sueno fue evaluada en 32 mellizos de 52 semanas de edad postconcepcional. Si observo un aumento significativo en la actividad madura fusiforme en lactantes nacidos mas tarde de la edad concepcional, en ninas y en lactantes que habian tenido un retraso en el crecimiento intrauterino o una enfermedad respiratoria postnatal ligera.

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Evidence for the existence of an electroencephalographic synchronization mechanism originating in the lower brain stem

Cited by 106 publications

References 13 publications

Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

Bidirectional interactions between the baroreceptor reflex and arousal: an update

Factors Affecting Sleep Spindle Activity During Infancy

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