Evidence for the evolution of reduced mycorrhizal dependence during plant invasion

Seifert, Elizabeth K.; Bever, James D.; Maron, John L.

doi:10.1890/08-0419.1

Cited by 160 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…AM symbiosis increased the aboveground biomass in low P (non-fertilized) but not in high P (fertilized) pots and increased root biomass in both non-fertilized and P-fertilized treatments. Seifert et al (2009) showed that the response of H. perforatum to root colonization by AMF usually is positive, but it can strongly differ depending on the plant genotype and clone. In contrast to the present study, Zubek et al (2012) did not find any effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on shoot biomass of H. perforatum, irrespective of using inocula of single or multiple AM species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi altered the hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin content in flowers of Hypericum perforatum grown under contrasting P availability in a highly organic substrate

et al. 2016

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St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a perennial herb able to produce water-soluble active ingredients (a.i.), mostly in flowers, with a wide range of medicinal and biotechnological uses. However, information about the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to affect its biomass accumulation, flower production, and concentration of a.i. under contrasting nutrient availability is still scarce. In the present experiment, we evaluated the role of AMF on growth, flower production, and concentration of bioactive secondary metabolites (hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin) of H. perforatum under contrasting P availability. AMF stimulated the production of aboveground biomass under low P conditions and increased the production of root biomass. AMF almost halved the number of flowers per plant by means of a reduction of the number of flower-bearing stems per plant under high P availability and through a lower number of flowers per stem in the low-P treatment. Flower hyperforin concentration was 17.5% lower in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants. On the contrary, pseudohypericin and hypericin concentrations increased by 166.8 and 279.2%, respectively, with AMF under low P availability, whereas no effect of AMF was found under high P availability. These results have implications for modulating the secondary metabolite production of H. perforatum. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the competition for photosynthates between AMF and flowers at different nutrient availabilities for both plant and AM fungus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi altered the hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin content in flowers of Hypericum perforatum grown under contrasting P availability in a highly organic substrate

et al. 2016

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“…Due to their ubiquity and location in the root-soil interface, AMF have been referred to as keystone mutualists (O'Neill et al, 1991), although parasitic interactions have been observed under controlled conditions (Johnson et al, 1997). Several invaders, such as garlic mustard (Allaria petiolata), are nonmycorrhizal, which has led to suggestions that invasive plants are either non-mycorrhizal or have a low inherent or evolved mycorrhizal dependency (van der Putten et al, 2007;Seifert et al, 2009;Vogelsang and Bever, 2009). On the other hand, AMF increase growth and competitiveness of spurge and knapweed-two of the most invasive plants in the intermountain west of the USA-under controlled conditions (Marler et al, 1999;Klironomos, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe plant invasions can increase mycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity

Lekberg¹,

et al. 2013

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Invasions by non-native plants can alter ecosystem functions and reduce native plant diversity, but relatively little is known about their effect on belowground microbial communities. We show that invasions by knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula, hereafter spurge)-but not cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)-support a higher abundance and diversity of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than multi-species native plant communities. The higher AMF richness associated with knapweed and spurge is unlikely due to a co-invasion by AMF, because a separate sampling showed that individual native forbs hosted a similar AMF abundance and richness as exotic forbs. Native grasses associated with fewer AMF taxa, which could explain the reduced AMF richness in native, grass-dominated communities. The three invasive plant species harbored distinct AMF communities, and analyses of co-occurring native and invasive plants indicate that differences were partly driven by the invasive plants and were not the result of pre-invasion conditions. Our results suggest that invasions by mycotrophic plants that replace poorer hosts can increase AMF abundance and richness. The high AMF richness in monodominant plant invasions also indicates that the proposed positive relationship between above and belowground diversity is not always strong. Finally, the disparate responses among exotic plants and consistent results between grasses and forbs suggest that AMF respond more to plant functional group than plant provenance.

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“…Indeed, AMF associations were found less frequent among invasive species than native species (Vogelsang et al 2004, Pringle et al 2009). Furthermore, rapid evolution of the plant's decreased reliance on AMF mutualists during invasion has been documented (Seifert et al 2009). Notwithstanding, opposite findings have also been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of roots of grass species differing in invasiveness

2013

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Recent research indicates that the soil microbial community, particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), can influence plant invasion in several ways. We tested if 1) invasive species are colonised by AMF to a lower degree than resident native species, and 2) AMF colonisation of native plants is lower in a community inhabited by an invasive species than in an uninvaded resident community. The two tests were run in semiarid temperate grasslands on grass (Poaceae) species, and the frequency and intensity of mycorrhizal colonisation, and the proportion of arbuscules and vesicles in plant roots have been measured. In the first test, grasses representing three classes of invasiveness were included: invasive species, resident species becoming abundant upon disturbance, and non-invasive native species. Each class contained one C3 and one C4 species. The AMF colonisation of the invasive Calamagrostis epigejos and Cynodon dactylon was consistently lower than that of the non-invasive native Chrysopogon gryllus and Bromus inermis, and contained fewer arbuscules than the post-disturbance dominant resident grasses Bothriochloa ischaemum and Brachypodium pinnatum. The C3 and C4 grasses behaved alike despite their displaced phenologies in these habitats. The second test compared AMF colonisation for sand grassland dominant grasses Festuca vaginata and Stipa borysthenica in stands invaded by either C. epigejos or C. dactylon, and in the uninvaded natural community. Resident grasses showed lower degree of AMF colonisation in the invaded stand compared to the uninvaded natural community with F. vaginata responding so to both invaders, while S. borysthenica responding to C. dactylon only. These results indicate that invasive grasses supposedly less reliant on AMF symbionts have the capacity of altering the soil mycorrhizal community in such a way that resident native species can establish a considerably reduced extent of the beneficial AMF associations, hence their growth, reproduction and ultimately abundance may decline. Accumulating evidence suggests that such indirect influences of invasive alien plants on resident native species mediated by AMF or other members of the soil biota is 1 probably more the rule than the exception.Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Calamagrostis epigejos, Cynodon dactylon, grasses, invasive plants, semiarid temperate grassland.Nomenclature: Tutin et al. (1964Tutin et al. ( -1993.Abbreviations: AMF -Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi; a% -percentage arbuscule occurence of the AMF colonised root section; A% -percentage arbuscule occurence of the whole root; F% -frequency of root segments colonised by AMF; M% -intensity of mycorrhizal colonisation; v% -percentage vesicle occurence of the AMF colonised root section; V% -percentage vesicle occurence of the whole root;

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Evidence for the evolution of reduced mycorrhizal dependence during plant invasion

Cited by 160 publications

References 46 publications

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi altered the hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin content in flowers of Hypericum perforatum grown under contrasting P availability in a highly organic substrate

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi altered the hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin content in flowers of Hypericum perforatum grown under contrasting P availability in a highly organic substrate

Severe plant invasions can increase mycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of roots of grass species differing in invasiveness

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