Evidence for the effectiveness of holistic process goals for learning and performance under pressure

Mullen, Richard; Faull, Andrea; Jones, Eleri Sian; Kingston, Kieran

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.003

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Jackson et al (2006) asked soccer players to set a process goal for their ball-dribbling behaviour, but this did not result in better dribbling performance under pressure when compared to a control condition. Similarly, Mullen et al (2015) found no difference between the goal setting and control conditions in a race-driving task under pressure.…”

Section: Self-focus-based Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Of the remaining self-focus-based interventions, goal setting (Jackson et al, 2006, Study 2;Mullen, Faull, Jones, & Kingston, 2015) and neurofeedback training (Ring, Cooke, Kavussanu, McIntyre, & Masters, 2015) have been examined with little success. Jackson et al (2006) asked soccer players to set a process goal for their ball-dribbling behaviour, but this did not result in better dribbling performance under pressure when compared to a control condition.…”

Section: Self-focus-based Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

Gröpel

Mesagno

2017

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Choking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental 'choking' models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of empirical studies that have tested interventions used to alleviate choking. The systematic review includes 47 empirical studies published up to April 2017, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and single-case studies with athletes. These studies encompassed a variety of interventions (n = 13) that were either distraction based or self-focus based. In addition, a third group -acclimatisation interventions -was identified. The results indicate that, in general, choking interventions based on both choking models and on acclimatisation provide a benefit to performance under pressure. The most reported effective interventions were pre-performance routines, quiet eye training, left-hand contractions, and acclimatisation training. The use of dual task was beneficial for performance under pressure but harmful when used in training. Mixed evidence was found for analogy learning, and null effects were reported for goal setting, neurofeedback training, and reappraisal cues. These results may help athletes and coaches select and implement effective strategies and methods to improve performance under pressure. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Self-focus-based Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Self-focus-based Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

Gröpel

Mesagno

2017

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These included the use of analogies to facilitate athlete understanding (C5 & C9), 2 and the deliberate use of alternative (unclassified) cues which serve to camouflage explicit information and facilitate learning via guided discovery (C8). 44 The predictions in relation to the level of practice variability observed in the coaching sessions were partially supported. In particular, between-skill variability was low in seven of the nine coaching sessions (two of these seven were recorded as zero), and moderately high-to-high in the remaining two.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In this way, holistic cues serve to code explicit movement information kinaesthetically, which is thought to confer similar learning benefits to external cues via the facilitation of automatic processing. 44 Each set of instructions and feedback, marked as either swimming stroke or start/turn practice, were then coded for attentional focus cues in each session. As instructions can also take two forms in that they can either be technically-orientated (relate directly to refining technique) or task-orientated (relate indirectly to refining technique through the learning activity to be participated in), FOA cues were not recorded for task-orientated instructions in instances where the cues did not actively interfere with the task focus.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skill acquisition practices of coaches on the British Para swimming World Class Programme

Powell

Wood

Kearney

et al. 2021

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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This study set out to gain insight into the practices adopted by elite level Paralympic swimming coaches and to shed light on the knowledge and rationale underpinning their approaches. Coaching sessions were delivered by nine senior coaches from the British Para swimming (BPS) World Class Programme. A coaching session was observed from each coach and a semi-structured interview was recorded and transcribed to explore their intentions and rationale for the structure and content of the session delivered. Results indicated that coaches: (i) predominantly emphasised internal focus instruction and feedback cues, (ii) incorporated relatively low levels of between-skill variability and higher levels of within-skill variability, and (iii) applied mostly explicit learning techniques such as part-task training and verbal feedback, but also incorporated some implicit learning techniques such as analogies and constraints-based learning. Interview data indicated coaches had limited knowledge of key skill acquisition principles. The study serves to highlight potential gaps in understanding on the side of both research and applied practice in the hope of facilitating future collaborations between coaches and skill acquisition practitioners.

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“…The effects of goal-setting-interventions for less-skilled participants have been less consistent. Goal-setting improved performance and anxiety levels in novice putters (e.g., Goudas et al, 1999 ; Jeong et al, 2021 ), but produced null results the performance of non-elite boxers and drivers ( O’Brien et al, 2009 ; Mullen et al, 2015 ; Jeong et al, 2021 ). Therefore, this study examines skill-level as a potential moderator for the effects of approach forms of goal setting on anxiety and sport performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Time Constraints and Goal Setting on Basketball Shooting

Kostrna

2022

Front. Psychol.

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In sport, numerous high-pressure situations require athletes to perform motor tasks under temporally constrained circumstances. The present study investigated the effects of time constraints on anxiety, attention, performance, and mechanics of basketball free-throw shooting. Additionally, the potential benefits of goal setting were examined in relation to performance in time-constrained situations. Forty undergraduates (n = 10 elite basketball players, n = 15 experienced, n = 15 inexperienced) attempted free throws in timed, untimed, and goal-oriented conditions. In the timed condition, participants attempted to make as many field goals as possible in 30 s. In the untimed condition, participants attempted the same number of field goals as they did in the timed trial but without a time constraint. In the goal-oriented condition, participants attempted to surpass their highest number of successful field goals while once again under a 30-s time constraint. Participants in the timed condition had the worst field goal percentage (M = 45.20%, SD = 21.96%), while the untimed (M = 55.76%, SD = 21.12%, p < 0.05, d = 0.49) and goal-oriented conditions (M = 55.79%, SD = 22.92%, p < 0.05, d = 0.47) had similar field goal percentages. In addition, joint consistency in the elbow and knee increased during the untimed condition compared to both timed and goal-oriented conditions. Results indicate that a goal-oriented focus may prevent performance declines present in time-constrained situations.

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Evidence for the effectiveness of holistic process goals for learning and performance under pressure

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review

Skill acquisition practices of coaches on the British Para swimming World Class Programme

Effects of Time Constraints and Goal Setting on Basketball Shooting

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