Evidence for Specific Genotype-Dependent Immune Priming in the Lophotrochozoan &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Biomphalaria glabrata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Snail

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100

Technical limitations have hindered comprehensive studies of highly variable immune response molecules that are thought to have evolved due to pathogen-mediated selection such as Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) from Biomphalaria glabrata. FREPs combine upstream immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains with a C-terminal fibrinogen-related domain (FreD) and participate in reactions against trematode parasites. From RNAseq data we assembled a de novo reference transcriptome of B. glabrata to investigate the diversity of FREP transcripts. This study increased over two-fold the number of bonafide FREP subfamilies and revealed important sequence diversity within FREP12 subfamily. We also report the discovery of related molecules that feature one or two IgSF domains associated with different C-terminal lectin domains, named C-type lectin-related proteins (CREPs) and Galectin-related protein (GREP). Together, the highly similar FREPs, CREPs and GREP were designated VIgL (Variable Immunoglobulin and Lectin domain containing molecules).

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A family of variable immunoglobulin and lectin domain containing molecules in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata

Dheilly

Duval

Mouahid

et al. 2015

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100

“…This strain, unfortunately no longer available, displayed juvenile susceptibility combined with adult resistance to S. mansoni (Lie et al, 1983 and references therein). A recent study involving genetically characterized and matched strains of S. mansoni and B. glabrata again showed that exposure to irradiated miracidia did not yield acquired resistance (Portela et al, 2013). However, this study did report that previously established (primary) S. mansoni infection protected B. glabrata against secondary infections with a homologous parasite genotype.…”

Section: Acquired Resistance Of Snails To Digenean Infection: Anotmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This observation, similar to that of Sire et al (1998), awaits further clarification as to the underlying mechanisms responsible for failure of the challenge infection. Additionally, a degree of immune priming was achieved experimentally by Portela et al (2013) by first injecting B. glabrata with miracidial extracts. Partial protection against challenge infection (10 miracidia administered 15 days after sensitization) from a homologous schistosome strain was observed (prevalence of 67%, significantly different versus 90% for the sham-injected control).…”

Section: Acquired Resistance Of Snails To Digenean Infection: Anotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digenean-gastropod host associations inform on aspects of specific immunity in snails

Adema¹,

Loker²

2015

Gastropod immunology is informed importantly by the study of the frequent encounters snails endure with digeneans (digenetic trematodes). One of the hallmarks of gastropod-digenean associations is their specificity: any particular digenean parasite species is transmitted by a limited subset of snail taxa. We discuss the nature of this specificity, including its immunological basis. We then review studies of the model gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata indicating that the baseline responses of snails to digeneans can be elevated in a specific manner. Studies incorporating molecular and functional approaches are then highlighted, and are further suggestive of the capacity for specific gastropod immune responses. These studies have led to the compatibility polymorphism hypothesis: the interactions between diversified fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and diverse carbohydrate-decorated polymorphic parasite antigens determine recognition and trigger specific immunity. Complex glycan structures are also likely to play a role in the host specificity typifying snail-digenean interactions. We conclude by noting the dynamic and consequential interactions between snails and digeneans can be considered as drivers of diversification of digenean parasites and in the development and maintenance of specific immunity in gastropods.

“…Insects with prior exposure displayed increased protection and narrow specificity upon secondary exposure with particular strain of bacteria (Sadd and Schmid-Hempel, 2006). In addition, Portela et al (2013) investigated specificity of immune priming in two different geographic isolates of snail species Biomphalaria glabrata, following homologous or heterologous challenges of four different genetic strains of parasite Schistosoma mansoni. It has been concluded that immune priming specificity appeared to be dependent on the genetic distance between the parasite used for the primary infection and for the challenge, which illustrated genotype-dependent immune priming in B. glabrata.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reprint of “Evolution of specific immunity in shrimp – A vaccination perspective against white spot syndrome virus”

Musthaq

Kwang

2015

Invertebrates lack true adaptive immunity and it solely depends on the primitive immunity called innate immunity. However, various innate immune molecules and mechanisms are identified in shrimp that plays potential role against invading bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Perceiving the shrimp innate immune mechanisms will contribute in developing effective vaccine strategies against major shrimp pathogens. Hence this review intends to explore the innate immune molecules of shrimp with suitable experimental evidences together with the evolution of "specific immune priming" of invertebrates. In addition, we have emphasized on the development of an effective vaccine strategy against major shrimp pathogen, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The baculovirus displayed rVP28 (Bac-VP28), a major envelope protein of WSSV was utilized to study its vaccine efficacy by oral route. A significant advantage of this baculovirus expression cassette is the use of WSSV-immediate early 1 (ie1) promoter that derived the abundant expression of rVP28 protein at the early stage of the infection in insect cell. The orally vaccinated shrimp with Bac-VP28 transduced successfully in the shrimp cells as well as provided highest survival rate. In support to our vaccine efficacy we analysed Pattern Recognition Proteins (PRPs) β-1,3 glucan lipopolysaccharides (LGBP) and STAT gene profiles in the experimental shrimp. Indeed, the vaccination of shrimp with Bac-VP28 demonstrated some degree of specificity with enhanced survival rate when compared to control vaccination with Bac-wt. Hence it is presumed that the concept of "specific immune priming" in relevant to shrimp immunity is possible but may not be common to all shrimp pathogens.