Evidence for sex differences in cardiovascular aging and adaptive responses to physical activity

Parker, Beth A.; Kalasky, Martha J.; Proctor, David N.

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1506-7

Cited by 85 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…The finding that older age was associated with lower CRF levels supports previous research in the general population (Parker et al, 2010), while there was also a suggestion that (P=0.06) lower CRF levels are found in studies with a lower percentage of male participants. Neither illness duration nor immunological parameters influenced CRF levels.…”

Section: General Findingssupporting

confidence: 87%

Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and moderators in people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Vancampfort

Mugisha

Rosenbaum

et al. 2016

Preventive Medicine

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Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. CRF levels and moderators among people living with HIV (PLWH) are unknown. The aim of the current meta-analysis was to (1) determine mean CRF in PLWH and compare levels with age-and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs), (2) explore moderators of CRF,3and (4) explore moderators of CRF outcomes following physical activity (PA) interventions. Major electronic databases were searched systematically for articles reporting CRF expressed as maximum or peak oxygen uptake (ml/min/kg) in PLWH. A random effects meta-analysis calculating the pooled mean CRF including subgroup-and meta-regression analyses was undertaken. Across 21 eligible studies, the CRF level was 26.4 ml/kg/min (95%CI=24.6 to 28.1) (n=1,010; mean age =41years). There were insufficient data to compare CRF levels with HCs. A higher body mass index (β=-0.99, 95%CI=-1.93 to -0.06, P=0.04), older age (β=-0.31, 95%CI=-0.58 to -0.04, P=0.02) and the presence of lipodystrophy (β=-4.63, 95%CI=-7.88 to -1.39, P=0.005) were significant moderators of lower CRF levels. Higher CD4+ counts (β=0.004, 95%CI=0.0007 to 0.007, P=0.016), supervised interventions (P<0.001) and interventions with a lower frequency of weekly sessions (2 or 3 versus 4 times) (P<0.001) predicted a better CRFoutcome following PA. CRF levels of PLWH are among the lowest in comparison to other vulnerable populations. More research on the most optimal physical activity intervention characteristics is needed.

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Section: General Findingssupporting

confidence: 87%

Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and moderators in people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Vancampfort

Mugisha

Rosenbaum

et al. 2016

Preventive Medicine

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“…That stronger associations were observed for women than men suggests that sex differences in response to PA and sedentary time may exist 21. For instance, it is thought that the modulation of the cardiovascular system by PA in older adults is in part affected by endogenous levels of sex hormones 21.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, it is thought that the modulation of the cardiovascular system by PA in older adults is in part affected by endogenous levels of sex hormones 21. Sex differences in a host of cardiovascular factors could contribute to the heterogeneous effects of PA on these CVD biomarkers 21.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, whether associations between PA parameters and these CVD biomarkers vary between men and women is unknown, since the few existing studies either only included men18 or did not report tests for sex differences,19, 20 despite hypothesized sex differences in these associations 21. Moreover, higher adiposity, which is an established CVD risk factor,22 has also been related to an adverse biomarker profile,23 and might help explain associations between PA and CVD biomarkers24; however, to what extent adiposity mediates these associations is unclear, especially as PA and adiposity associations are still widely debated 25, 26.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers at Age 60 to 64 Years

Elhakeem

Cooper

Whincup

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundWe examined associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time with cardiovascular disease biomarkers at age 60 to 64 years. This included investigation of sex differences and the extent to which associations may be mediated by adiposity.Methods and ResultsParticipants were 795 men and 827 women aged 60 to 64 years from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development. Combined heart rate and movement sensors worn for 5 consecutive days were used to derive overall PA energy expenditure, kJ/kg per day) and time spent sedentary (<1.5 metabolic equivalent of tasks), in light PA (1.5–3 metabolic equivalent of tasks) and moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity PA (>3 metabolic equivalent of tasks). Linear regression models were used to relate each PA parameter to inflammatory (C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6), endothelial (tissue‐plasminogen activator, E‐selectin) and adipokine (leptin, adiponectin) markers extracted from fasting blood samples. Greater time in light PA and moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity PA and less sedentary time were associated with more favorable biomarker levels. For C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, and leptin, these differences were greater among women than men. For example, % differences (95% confidence intervals) in leptin for men and women per SD increases in sedentary time: 7.9 (2.7, 13.0) and 20.6 (15.3, 25.8); moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity PA: −3.8 (−8.9, 12.7) and −17.7 (−23.1, −12.4), moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity PA: −12.9 (−17.9, −8.0) and −18.3 (−23.4, −13.1). Fat mass mediated a greater proportion of these associations in women than men.ConclusionsGreater light PA and moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity PA and less sedentary time in early old age were associated with more favorable cardiovascular biomarker profiles. Fat mass partially mediated these associations but more strongly in women than men, which explained sex differences.

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“…On the other hand, as reported by Fleg and colleagues, men tend to have higher values of VO 2 peak, but a greater decline with aging in the levels of VO 2 peak compared to women (Fleg et al ., 2005). In addition, many gender‐related factors could influence the relationship between ceramides and VO 2 peak, some of which in the current study we were not be able to fully account for, such as sex‐specific differences in lipid metabolism (Varlamov et al ., 2015) and sex‐specific plasticity of the cardiovascular system to fitness and physical activity in older adults (Parker et al ., 2010). Indeed, further and more specific investigations are required to fully disentangle the complex relationship between sex, ceramides, and cardiovascular health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating ceramides are inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in participants aged 54–96 years from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Fabbri

Simonsick

et al. 2016

Aging Cell

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SummaryCardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2 peak) declines with age and is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in older adults. Identifying biomarkers of low fitness may provide insight for why some individuals experience an accelerated decline of aerobic capacity and may serve as clinically valuable prognostic indicators of cardiovascular health. We investigated the relationship between circulating ceramides and VO 2 peak in 443 men and women (mean age of 69) enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Individual species of ceramide were quantified by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry. VO 2 peak was measured by a graded treadmill test. We applied multiple regression models to test the associations between ceramide species and VO 2 peak, while adjusting for age, sex, blood pressure, serum LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and other covariates. We found that higher levels of circulating C18:0, C20:0, C24:1 ceramides and C20:0 dihydroceramides were strongly associated with lower aerobic capacity (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.018, and P < 0.001, respectively). The associations held true for both sexes (with men having a stronger association than women, P value for sex interaction <0.05) and were unchanged after adjusting for confounders and multiple comparison correction. Interestingly, no significant association was found for C16:0, C22:0, C24:0, C26:0, and C22:1 ceramide species, C24:0 dihydroceramide, or total ceramides. Our analysis reveals that specific long‐chain ceramides strongly associate with low cardiovascular fitness in older adults and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of low fitness with aging. Longitudinal studies are needed to further validate these associations and investigate the relationship between ceramides and health outcomes.

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Evidence for sex differences in cardiovascular aging and adaptive responses to physical activity

Cited by 85 publications

References 99 publications

Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and moderators in people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and moderators in people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers at Age 60 to 64 Years

Circulating ceramides are inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in participants aged 54–96 years from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

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