Evidence for parasympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue, clearing up some vagaries

Kreier, Felix; Buijs, Ruud M.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00890.2006

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The CNS regulates metabolic and secretory functions of WAT via the ANS. Abundant anatomical evidence indicates that the regulation of WAT by the CNS is mediated mainly by the SNS (for extensive reviews see [39,102,103] ), whereas PSNS innervation of WAT is still controversial [19,20]. Using a viral retrograde transneuronal tracer in WAT, labeled neurons have been found in the brainstem (noradrenergic neurons of the LC), in hypothalamic nuclei (ARC, DMH, LHA, and VMH), and in some forebrain regions [104,105].…”

Section: Autonomic Modulation Of Wat Lipolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under some physiological circumstances, both the SNS and PSNS can be activated or inhibited at the same time, but usually when one is activated the other is inhibited [18]. Adipose tissue is known to be innervated by the SNS, whereas PSNS innervation to some fat depots is still controversial [19,20]. The liver and pancreas are innervated by splanchnic sympathetic and vagal parasympathetic nerves [14,[21][22][23], while skeletal muscle also receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis

et al. 2015

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Regulation of energy homeostasis is tightly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). Several key areas such as the hypothalamus and brainstem receive and integrate signals conveying energy status from the periphery, such as leptin, thyroid hormones, and insulin, ultimately leading to modulation of food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and peripheral metabolism. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a key role in the response to such signals, innervating peripheral metabolic tissues, including brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT), liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. The ANS consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (SNS and PSNS). The SNS regulates BAT thermogenesis and EE, controlled by central areas such as the preoptic area (POA) and the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei (VMH, DMH, and ARC). The SNS also regulates lipid metabolism in WAT, controlled by the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), VMH, and ARC. Control of hepatic glucose production and pancreatic insulin secretion also involves the LHA, VMH, and ARC as well as the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), via splanchnic sympathetic and the vagal parasympathetic nerves. Muscle glucose uptake is also controlled by the SNS via hypothalamic nuclei such as the VMH. There is recent evidence of novel pathways connecting the CNS and ANS. These include the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase-SNS-BAT axis which has been demonstrated to be a key modulator of thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the role of the ANS in the modulation of energy balance.

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Section: Autonomic Modulation Of Wat Lipolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis

et al. 2015

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“…Parasympathetic white fat innervation has recently been described; the finding has potential functional implications but is still open to discussion (46,50,66,67).…”

Section: White and Brown Adipocytes Have A Discrete Morphology And Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transdifferentiation properties of adipocytes in the adipose organ

Cinti

2009

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

321

261

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Mammals have two types of adipocytes, white and brown, but their anatomy and physiology is different. White adipocytes store lipids, and brown adipocytes burn them to produce heat. Previous descriptions implied their localization in distinct sites, but we demonstrated that they are mixed in many depots, raising the concept of adipose organ. We explain the reason for their cohabitation with the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation; they are able to convert one into each other. If needed, the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ associates with resistance to obesity and related disorders. Another example of physiological transdifferetiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland; the pregnancy hormonal stimuli seems to trigger a reversible transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-secreting epithelial glands. The obese adipose organ is infiltrated by macrophages inducing chronic inflamation that is widely considered as a causative factor for insulin resistance. We showed that the vast majority of macrophages infiltrating the obese organ are arranged around dead adipocytes, forming characteristic crown-like structures. We recently found that visceral fat is more infiltrated than the subcutaneous fat despite a smaller size of visceral adipocytes. This suggests a different susceptibility of visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes to death, raising the concept of smaller critical death size that could be important to explain the key role of visceral fat for the metabolic disorders associated with obesity. brown adipose tissue; white adipose tissue; plasticity; mammary gland THE CURRENT OBESITY EPIDEMIC and the associated increased incidence of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and other disorders has heightened the interest in the fat tissues involved in obesity (9). An organ is defined as an anatomically dissectible structure with a discrete gross anatomy comprising at least two different tissues. White adipose tissue (WAT) is made up of cells capable of storing lipids that are then used as fuel for the organism in the intervals between meals. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a different function; it burns lipids to produce heat.Our group has recently proposed a new concept with regard to the adipose tissues of rodents: the adipose organ. Its most innovative part is that it tries to account for the observation that WAT and BAT are intermingled in a dissectible organ formed by multiple subcutaneous and visceral depots. Although the reason for such organization is unclear, the notion of an adipose organ offers an explanation. The two constituent cell types are intermingled because they are capable of transdifferentiating into one another to meet different energy partitioning biological demands. Accordingly, the well-known reversible apparent adipose tissue transformations induced by physiological stimuli, such as exposure to cold (the organ's phenot...

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“…Indeed, lowdose of orexin A (10 ng i.c.v.) lowers lipolysis by suppressing sympathetic nerve activity (probably through parasympathetic innervation, [51]), whereas high-dose of orexin A (1000 ng i.c.v.) promotes lipolysis through facilitation of the sympathetic nervous system [52].…”

Section: The Blood Glucose-lowering Effect Of Orexinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of orexin in the central regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis [Review]

2012

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Abstract. Hypothalamic orexin neurons are known to regulate sleep/wake stability, feeding behavior, emotions, autonomic nerve activity, and whole-body energy metabolism. In addition, emerging evidence indicates that orexin contributes to central regulation of glucose homeostasis. Intriguingly, central administration of orexin is reported to cause blood glucoseelevating effect or blood glucose-lowering effect in rodents, depending on the experimental conditions. Here we reviewed the recent reports regarding the mode and mechanism of actions of orexin on these two opposing effects, and discuss the functional significance for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The fact that orexin exhibits biphasic effects on autonomic nerve activity and lipolysis suggests that orexin dually regulates the glucose appearance. In fact, orexin neurons are activated not only depending on the demand for glucose but also according to a circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The excited orexin neurons appear to alter the sympathetic or parasympathetic outflow to the periphery, and modulate the glucose production and utilization. Furthermore, deficiency of orexin action, particularly reduction of orexin 2 receptor-signaling, disrupts the mechanism for protection against insulin resistance associated with aging or induced by chronic high fat feeding in mice. Taken together, hypothalamic orexin system may manage multiple tasks to coordinate the interconnection among the arousal, feeding, circadian, and glucose homeostasis pathways.

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Evidence for parasympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue, clearing up some vagaries

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis

Hypothalamic-autonomic control of energy homeostasis

Transdifferentiation properties of adipocytes in the adipose organ

Role of orexin in the central regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis [Review]

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