Evidence for out-of-equilibrium states in warm dense matter probed by x-ray Thomson scattering

Clérouin, Jean; Robert, G.; Arnault, Philippe; Ticknor, Christopher; Kress, Joel D.; Collins, L. A.

doi:10.1103/physreve.91.011101

Cited by 40 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…see also Refs. [38,39]. We assume electron temperatures as reported in the experiments (12 eV for u-Be and 13 eV for c-Be) but make calculations also for lower ion temperatures of 6 and 9 eV, see Figs.…”

Section: B Nonequilibrium Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, one could take into account possible nonequilibrium effects. Therefore, motivated by this discrepancy we performed additional DFT-MD simulations with different electron and ion temperatures [9,37,38], in order to study the effects of a nonequilibrium, two-temperature state that might have been created in these laser-driven experiments; [1] and a reanalyzed spectrum (green) given in Ref. [14].…”

Section: B Nonequilibrium Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ab initiocalculation of the ion feature in x-ray Thomson scattering

et al. 2015

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The spectrum of x-ray Thomson scattering is proportional to the dynamic structure factor. An important contribution is the ion feature which describes elastic scattering of x rays off electrons. We apply an ab initio method for the calculation of the form factor of bound electrons, the slope of the screening cloud of free electrons, and the ion-ion structure factor in warm dense beryllium. With the presented method we can calculate the ion feature from first principles. These results will facilitate a better understanding of x-ray scattering in warm dense matter and an accurate measurement of ion temperatures which would allow determining nonequilibrium conditions, e.g., along shock propagation.

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Section: B Nonequilibrium Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Nonequilibrium Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ab initiocalculation of the ion feature in x-ray Thomson scattering

et al. 2015

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“…By setting the initial density, using solid samples or foams, the coupling parameter can be chosen. Such experiments are good candidates to evidence the -plateau feature but diagnostics using X-ray Thomson scattering techniques are still hampered by strong temperature non-equilibrium effects leading to erroneous interpretation of the strength of the coupling parameter [48].…”

Section: Plasma Recipesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooking strongly coupled plasmas

Clérouin

2015

Molecular Physics

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We present the orbital-free method for dense plasmas which allows for efficient variable ionisation molecular dynamics. This approach is a literal application of density functional theory where the use of orbitals is bypassed by a semi-classical estimation of the electron kinetic energy through the Thomas-Fermi theory. Thanks to a coherent definition of ionisation, we evidence a particular regime in which the static structure no longer depends on the temperature: the -plateau. With the help of the well-known Thomas-Fermi scaling laws, we derive the conditions required to obtain a plasma at a given value of the coupling parameter and deduce useful fits. Static and dynamical properties are predicted as well as a a simple equation of state valid on the -plateau. We show that the one component plasma model can be helpful to describe the correlations in real systems.

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“…The usual equilibrium statistical physics cannot cope with these non-conventional electron energy distribution functions previously proposed in different fields [12]. Namely, the derivation of a generalized Planck radiation law [13], the description of high temperature Fermi gases [14] or the out of equilibrium warm dense matter [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-equilibrium thermionic electron emission for metals at high temperatures

Domenech-Garret

Tierno

Conde

2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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The stationary thermionic electron emission currents from heated metals are compared against an analytical expression derived using a non equilibrium quantum Kappa energy distribution for the electrons. This later depends on the temperature decreasing parameter κ(T ) which can be estimated from the raw experimental data and characterizes the departure of the electron energy spectrum from the equilibrium Fermi-Dirac statistics. The calculations accurately predict the measured thermionic emission currents for both high and moderate temperature ranges. The Richardson-Dushman law governs the electron emission for large values of Kappa or equivalently, for moderate metal temperatures. The high energy tail in the electron energy distribution function which develops at higher temperatures or lower Kappa parameters, increases the emission currents well over the predictions of the classical expression. This analysis also permits the quantitative estimation of the departure of the metal electrons from the equilibrium Fermi-Dirac statistics.

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Evidence for out-of-equilibrium states in warm dense matter probed by x-ray Thomson scattering

Cited by 40 publications

References 29 publications

Ab initiocalculation of the ion feature in x-ray Thomson scattering

Ab initiocalculation of the ion feature in x-ray Thomson scattering

Cooking strongly coupled plasmas

Non-equilibrium thermionic electron emission for metals at high temperatures

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