Evidence for opioid and nonopioid processes mediating adaptive responses of infant rats that are repeatedly isolated

Goodwin, Gregory A.; Barr, Gordon A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199711)31:3<217::aid-dev6>3.0.co;2-v

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…During testing the rat pup is isolated from littermates and this is an anxiogenic situation for the infant rat ([31]; [32], [33]). The reduction of isolation-induced stress by ethanol may be responsible for the pups increased ingestion of saccharin in comparison to saline treated controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior of the preweanling rat

Kozlov

Nizhnikov

Spear

2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that sensitivity of ingestive behavior of infant rat to the pharmacological effects of ethanol changes between postnatal (P) days 9 and 12. The intake of 0.1% saccharin and water, general motor activity, and myoclonic twitching activity were assessed following administration of three doses of ethanol (0, 0.25, 0.5g/kg) while fluids were free available to the animals. The 0.5g/kg dose of ethanol attenuated saccharin intake in P9 pups and enhanced saccharin intake in P12 rats. On P12 some sex-related differences emerged at 0.5g/kg of ethanol, with saccharin intake being higher in females than in their male counterparts. Taste reactivity probe revealed that 0.5 g/kg of ethanol increased taste responsiveness to saccharin on P12 but only to infusions presented at a high rate. The results of the present study indicate that ontogenetic changes in sensitivity to the effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior occur during the second postnatal week, with P9 animals being more sensitive to the inhibitory (sedative) effects on saccharin intake and P12 rats being more sensitive to the stimulatory effects of ethanol. We suggest that acute ethanol enhanced saccharin intake via sensitization of oral response to appetitive taste stimulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior of the preweanling rat

Kozlov

Nizhnikov

Spear

2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…as indicators of stress, which is often not done (e.g., Grandin, 1998). Panksepp et al (1980) have suggested that endogenous opioid systems underlie the responses of animals to many forms of stress, including social isolation, although more recent research suggests that a variety of opioid and non-opioid systems underlie the responses of animals to isolation (Goodwin and Barr, 1997). The increased incidence of vocalization in cattle socially isolated in unfamiliar environments following naloxone treatment suggests that endogenous opioids are involved in regulating some responses of cattle to stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid peptides and behavioral and physiological responses of dairy cows to social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings.

Rushen¹,

Boissy²,

Terlouw³

et al. 1999

Journal of Animal Science

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To test whether endogenous opioid peptides are involved in the behavioral and physiological responses of cattle to stress, 12 Holstein cows were either placed in social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings for 15 min or remained in their home stalls, either with or without naloxone treatment, following a Latin square design. Vocalizations (judged as high or low frequency), defecation/urination, and heart rate were recorded, latency to respond to local thermal stimulation of the leg by means of a laser was measured to detect pain sensitivity, and blood was sampled and assayed for cortisol concentrations. Naloxone in the home stall increased cortisol concentrations and tended to reduce response latencies to the laser but did not induce vocalization. Social isolation increased the incidence of high-frequency vocalization and of defecation/urination, heart rate, cortisol concentrations, and response latencies to the laser. Prior administration of naloxone increased the incidence of low-frequency vocalization in isolation, but it had no effect on heart rate or on responses to the laser and only limited effect on cortisol concentrations when the cows were isolated. Brief periods of social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings seem to be stressful to cows, as indicated by increased heart rate, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, and vocalization. Isolation also reduces pain sensitivity, suggesting a stress-induced analgesia. However, we found no evidence that naloxone-sensitive opioid receptors were involved in these responses.

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“…Why did the TPA production by brown capuchins not habituate to the presence of a human observer after extended periods in which no attack occurred? Other vocalizations produced during situations of distress, notably separation calls, are known to habituate [Levine and Werner, 1988;Goodwin and Barr, 1997]. First, it must be emphasized that the stress response is not a unitary phenomenon from the perspective of the component neurobehavioral systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial predator alarm vocalizations are a valid monitor of stress in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella)

1999

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The vocal behavior of captive animals is increasingly exploited as an index of well‐being. Here we show that the terrestrial predator alarm (TPA) vocalization, a robust and acoustically distinctive anti‐predation vocal response present in many mammal and bird species, offers useful information on the relative well‐being and stress levels of captive animals. In a 16‐week experiment evaluating the effects of varying levels of physical environmental enrichment (control < toys < foraging box < foraging box and toys) in the cages of eight singly housed adult male brown capuchins, we quantified the 1) emission rate of TPAs, 2) proportions of normal and abnormal behavior sample intervals, and 3) fecal and plasma cortisol levels. Variation in TPA emission across the experimental conditions was significant. We found significant reductions in the mean TPA production rate by the group in the enriched (toys, foraging box, and foraging box and toys) compared to the control condition; pre‐ and post‐experimental conditions, however, did not differ from the control condition. Mean TPA production by the group was also significantly positively correlated to mean group levels of fecal cortisol and proportion of abnormal behavior sample intervals, and significantly negatively correlated to the average proportion of normal behavior sample intervals in the group. Based on group means, plasma cortisol levels were positively, but not significantly, related to increasing TPA rate. At the level of the responses of an individual subject, however, the covariation between the vocal and non‐vocal behavioral measures and the cortisol assays seldom attained significance. Nevertheless, the direction of the relationships among these parameters within individual subjects typically mirrored those correlations based on group means. At both the group mean and individual levels, our results are consistent with the interpretation that in conditions of low environmental enrichment the study subjects were more stressed, and therefore more reactive to the presence of a threatening terrestrial stimulus (human observer), than when in more enriched conditions. We suggest that protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of enrichment for captive species other than brown capuchins could also profitably exploit TPAs as a first‐line monitor or as corroboratory evidence of current well‐being. Zoo Biol 18:295–312, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Evidence for opioid and nonopioid processes mediating adaptive responses of infant rats that are repeatedly isolated

Cited by 18 publications

References 17 publications

Pharmacological effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior of the preweanling rat

Pharmacological effects of ethanol on ingestive behavior of the preweanling rat

Opioid peptides and behavioral and physiological responses of dairy cows to social isolation in unfamiliar surroundings.

Terrestrial predator alarm vocalizations are a valid monitor of stress in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella)

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