Evidence for novel structures (primo vessels and primo nodes) floating in the venous sinuses of rat brains

Lee, Ho-Sung; Park, Won-Hee; Je, A Reum; Kweon, Hee‐Seok; Lee, Byung-Cheon

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.004

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…First, finding the vascular endothelial growth factors and the specific markers corresponding to LYVE-1 will be a milestone for molecular-level research on the PVS, and fully tracing the PVS network will reveal its connection with other parts of the PVS like those on the surfaces of internal organs [13], in the heart [10], and the blood vessels [8,9].…”

Section: Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2002, there have been an increasing number of reports on the PVS, which is composed of threadlike structures called primo vessels (PVs), thickened corpuscle-like parts called primo nodes (PNs), and a fluid flowing in the vessels. The PVS has been observed in various organs, such as the bloodstream [8,9], heart [10], and brain [11], and on the surfaces of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and liver [12,13]. The animals studied most often were mice, rats, and rabbits, and rarely pigs, dogs, and cows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primo Vascular System Floating in Lymph Ducts of Rats

Jung

Bae

Nam

et al. 2013

Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies

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An epoch-making development in the gross anatomy of the lymph system has emerged: the observation of the primo vascular system (PVS), which is a threadlike structure floating in lymph ducts. The PVS, which was proposed as the conduit for the acupuncture Qi, is a complex network distributed throughout an animal's body. The lymph-PVS, which is a subsystem of the PVS, is one of the most convincing visual demonstrations of the PVS. Because its existence is not easily demonstrated, even with a microscope, due to its transparency, in current anatomy its existence is largely unknown despite its potential significance in physiology and medicine. The lymph-PVS has been observed in rabbits, rats, and mice by several independent teams. Because the involved techniques are rather complicated, we provide detailed protocols for surgery, for injection of the staining dye, and for detection, extraction, and identification of the PVS in a rat.

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Section: Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primo Vascular System Floating in Lymph Ducts of Rats

Jung

Bae

Nam

et al. 2013

Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies

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“…Park started to measure and analyze the electrical potential of Bonghan corpuscles in the 2000s (Figure 13) [37]. Various experiments involving the staining Bonghan corpuscles and ducts were attempted to distinguish them from other tissues [4, 23, 38–42]. Lee et al reported that trypan blue was the most effective type of stain for these corpuscles and ducts in 2007 [4].…”

Section: Recent Bioelectrical and Electrophysiology Research On Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Bioelectrical Study and the Electrophysiology of the Primo Vascular System

Park

Kim

Chang

et al. 2013

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Background. Primo vascular system is a new anatomical structure whose research results have reported the possibility of a new circulatory system similar to the blood vascular system and cells. Electrophysiology, which measures and analyzes bioelectrical signals tissues and cells, is an important research area for investigating the function of tissues and cells. The bioelectrical study of the primo vascular system has been reported by using modern techniques since the early 1960s by Bonghan Kim. This paper reviews the research result of the electrophysiological study of the primo vascular system for the discussion of the circulatory function. We hope it would help to study the electrophysiology of the primo vascular system for researchers. This paper will use the following exchangeable expressions: Kyungrak system = Bonghan system = Bonghan circulatory system = primo vascular system = primo system; Bonghan corpuscle = primo node; Bonghan duct = primo vessel. We think that objective descriptions of reviewed papers are more important than unified expressions when citing the papers. That said, this paper will unify the expressions of the primo vascular system.

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“…Lee et al 1 visualized primo nodes and primo vessels in the sinuses of rat brain using chromium-hematoxylin (Cr–Hx) solution, which was then suggested as a method for primo visualization that can be distinguished from the blood clots developed during surgery. Lim et al 2 suggested that the rat organ-surface primo vessel can be useful in identifying the primo tissues by morphologically observing with Hemacolor staining followed by simple light microscope for a brief time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of differentiation standard for primo through the histological common point of threadlike structure found in rats and swine

Yeon

Kwon

Cho

et al. 2016

Integrative Medicine Research

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BackgroundThe novel threadlike structure is called the primo structure, and studies are conducted through many different approaches. Although various ways of differentiation are currently used, a standard for differentiation is deemed necessary in order to identify the primo structure based on the overall form of the structure. This study aims to explore the differentiation standard through the histological common point of the threadlike structure of rat and swine by using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method commonly used for histological research in various structures.MethodsAn 8-week old Sprague-Dawley rat and a Yorkshire pig weighing 30–40 kg were used. A total of 65 pieces of rat threadlike structure and 100 pieces of swine threadlike structure were collected after the abdomen was cut and opened. The following three different characteristics were confirmed using the H&E staining method for the collected structures: (1) bright cell availability; (2) cavity availability; and (3) nuclei density.ResultsFor the rat threadlike structure, the bright cell (70.5%) and nuclei density (92.6%) were mainly observed; in the swine threadlike structure, however, the bright cell (60.6%) and cavity (67.2%) were mainly observed. The bright cell was confirmed to have been observed in the threadlike structures of both rat and swine.ConclusionThe bright cell is determined to be the common point in the primo structure. However, further research is deemed necessary in the future as to the functions performed by the characteristic shown by the Primo structure.

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Evidence for novel structures (primo vessels and primo nodes) floating in the venous sinuses of rat brains

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Primo Vascular System Floating in Lymph Ducts of Rats

Primo Vascular System Floating in Lymph Ducts of Rats

History of Bioelectrical Study and the Electrophysiology of the Primo Vascular System

Exploration of differentiation standard for primo through the histological common point of threadlike structure found in rats and swine

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