Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood

Peterson, Madeline; Prigge, Molly B.D.; Bigler, Erin D.; Zielinski, Brandon A.; King, Jace B.; Lange, Nicholas; Alexander, Andrew L.; Lainhart, Janet E.; Nielsen, Jared A.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118387

Cited by 12 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…Також залишається невідомою відповідь на питання про довгострокову клінічну значущість ДРСП і не зовсім зрозуміло, чи є зміни венозного кровотоку тільки причиною, а може й наслідком субарахноїдального розширення у майбутньому [18,[55][56][57][58][59][60]. Таким чином, питання хронічно підвищеного внутрішньочерепного тиску внаслідок порушення венозного відтоку має бути з'ясовано для немовлят із розширенням субарахноїдальних просторів у майбутніх дослідженнях.…”

Section: аналітичні огляди / Analytical Reviewsunclassified

Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces in Infants

Mavropulo¹,

Hodiatska²

2022

Neonatol. hìr. perinat. med.

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Benign enlargement of subarachnoid spaces (BESS) constitutes is one of the most frequent neurosonographic findings in infancy and is considered to regress spontaneously by the age of 2 years. Although the majority of children with BESS demonstrate normal developmental milestones, some patients may experience a transient psychomotor delay under the age of 2 year. Besides clinical andneuroimaging findings, the long-term impact of BESS is of great interest (learning difficulties at school, language delay, impairmentsin social-cognitive abilities, reduced quality of life, decreased attention skills and poor visual-motor performance, increased risk ofautism spectrum disorders as well as a higher incidence of epilepsy). It is considered that the risk of long-term consequences may be associated with pathogenetic features of dilation of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid spaces. In this review, we describe potentialpathogenetic mechanisms of dilatation of the subarachnoid space and its pathological sequelae in children. Generally, numerous pathogenetic hypotheses about developing BESS have been proposed as follows: remarkable physiological imbalance between the skull and brain growth in infants aged from three months to one year; manifestation of cerebral trophy; communicating hydrocephalus due to a distal block with a valve mechanism; a delay in maturation of arachnoid villi/granulations until two years of age; the result of abusive head trauma in infants. However, the hypothesis about pathological consequences of BESS in the long run due to abnormalvenous hemodynamics has emerged in recent years. Impaired venous outflow is the main driving factor of subarachnomegaly and the more severe pathological changes the more significant symptoms of subarachnomegaly. We also highlight the role of impaired cerebralvenous circulation in the development of subarachnomegaly. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical relevance of chronic increased intracranial pressure due to venous outflow disturbance in infants with enlarged subarachnoid spaces.Тhe subject for future research should be to determine a diagnostic algorithm to help distinguish patients with BESS from those who are at risk of impairedneurological development and require additional diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

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Section: аналітичні огляди / Analytical Reviewsunclassified

Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces in Infants

Mavropulo¹,

Hodiatska²

2022

Neonatol. hìr. perinat. med.

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“…In each of these studies, an increased volume of EA-CSF preceded the onset and severity of the autism diagnosis and symptoms, regardless of genetic risk [ 29 – 31 ]. Interestingly, in an accelerated, multi-cohort longitudinal study of participants 3–42 years, no difference in EA-CSF volume between the ASD and control groups was found, suggesting that EA-CSF volume may normalize after age 4 in ASD [ 32 ]. Despite this evidence, temporal precedence alone cannot establish causality [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such changes to cortical thickness may occur during synaptic pruning events, such as that during adolescence when there is a well-documented decrease in mean cortical thickness [ 43 – 45 ]. Such a decrease in cortical thickness could create a deficiency in the subarachnoid space which could then be filled with an increase in the volume of EA-CSF as postulated by Peterson et al [ 32 ]. This relationship between a decrease in mean cortical thickness and an increase in EA-CSF volume has been evidenced in a longitudinal sample of participants 3 to 42 years of age [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a decrease in cortical thickness could create a deficiency in the subarachnoid space which could then be filled with an increase in the volume of EA-CSF as postulated by Peterson et al [ 32 ]. This relationship between a decrease in mean cortical thickness and an increase in EA-CSF volume has been evidenced in a longitudinal sample of participants 3 to 42 years of age [ 32 ]. However, it remains to be seen if this finding can be replicated in a different sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No difference in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes across neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in later childhood and adolescence

Peterson

Whetten

Clark

et al. 2023

J Neurodevelop Disord

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Background While autism spectrum disorder has been associated with various organizational and developmental aberrations in the brain, an increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume has recently garnered attention. A series of studies indicate that an increased volume between the ages of 6 months and 4 years was both predictive of the autism diagnosis and symptom severity regardless of genetic risk for the condition. However, there remains a minimal understanding regarding the specificity of an increased volume of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid to autism. Methods In the present study, we explored extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes in children and adolescents ages 5–21 years with various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. We hypothesized that an elevated extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume would be found in autism compared with typical development and the other diagnostic group. We tested this hypothesis by employing a cross-sectional dataset of 446 individuals (85 autistic, 60 typically developing, and 301 other diagnosis). An analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes between these groups as well as a group by age interaction in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes. Results Inconsistent with our hypothesis, we found no group differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in this cohort. However, in replication of previous work, a doubling of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume across adolescence was found. Further investigation into the relationship between extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume and cortical thickness suggested that this increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume may be driven by a decrease in cortical thickness. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis found no relationship between extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume and sleep disturbances. Conclusions These results indicate that an increased volume of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid may be limited to autistic individuals younger than 5 years. Additionally, extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume does not differ between autistic, neurotypical, and other psychiatric conditions after age 4.

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“…In a couple of small longitudinal samples individuals that would later go on to be diagnosed with ASD were found to have typically sized brains surrounded by an increased volume of extra-axial CSF (Shen et al, 2018(Shen et al, , 2017. Later attempts to validate and expand on that research however have not found the same patterns, and indicate the association may disappear quickly with increasing age (Peterson et al, 2021)…”

Section: The Ceas In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The driving forces of cranial extra-axial space morphology: age, sex, and drugs

Greer¹

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Surrounding the brain but contained within the skull is a dynamic organ that functions to physically and chemically maintain the typical functioning of the brain. This organ is usually appreciated only as a series of layered supportive tissues, and a substantial collection of fluid suspended within them. In understanding it as such, the potential insights that its distinctive morphology has on our understanding of human anatomy have gone essentially unexamined. From here on out this organ or the collection of tissues that separate the brain from the skull will be referred to as the cranial extra-axial space (cEAS). In the research that follows, the normal morphology of the cEAS is examined with respect to variation with age, sex, body size, and marijuana use in an attempt to better characterize its normal morphology. Size, shape, and distribution of the cEAS were found to be highly variable in response to a number of individualistic characteristics. More absolute space was seen in taller, older, and male individuals than those that were shorter, younger, and/or female. Overall morphologic interactions of the cEAS are however complex, and cannot be explained by these characteristics alone.

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Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood

Cited by 12 publications

References 54 publications

Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces in Infants

Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces in Infants

No difference in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes across neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in later childhood and adolescence

The driving forces of cranial extra-axial space morphology: age, sex, and drugs

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