This study was designed to assess the involvement of D1 dopamine actions in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on intravenous cocaine self-administration. Rats were trained to selfadminister intravenous injections of cocaine (1.0 mg/kg per injection) on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR-1) schedule or a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement and then were tested under the influence of bilateral VTA injections of the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 or the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin. SCH 23390 increased cocaine selfadministration on the FR-1 schedule but decreased it on the PR schedule. Injections of ketanserin were ineffective, as were injections of SCH 23390 in a site 1 mm dorsal or 1 mm rostral to the effective VTA site. These data suggest a role for dendritically released dopamine, presumably acting through D1 receptors located on the axons of GABAergic or glutamatergic inputs to the VTA, in the effectiveness of cocaine reward.Key words: drug abuse; reinforcement; dendritic release; motivation; operant learning; progressive ratio schedule Brain dopamine (DA) plays important roles in the rewarding effects of natural rewards such as food Ettenberg and Camp, 1986a), water (Gerber et al., 1981;Ettenberg and Camp, 1986b), and sexual contact (Pfaus and Phillips, 1989) and in the laboratory reward of lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation (Fouriezos and Wise, 1976;Franklin, 1978;Wise and Rompré, 1989). The mesocorticolimbic DA system, which originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminates in various forebrain structures (Bjorklund and Lindvall, 1986), is also implicated in the rewarding effects of several drugs of abuse, including cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, and nicotine (Wise, 1996;Bardo, 1998). Each of these drug reinforcers causes elevations in extracellular dopamine levels at the axon terminals of the mesocorticolimbic DA system (Zetterström et al., 1983;Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988;Moghaddam and Bunney, 1989). In the case of cocaine, the enhanced extracellular DA concentrations are caused by a blockade of the reuptake of DA back into presynaptic terminals. Destruction of dopaminergic terminals (Roberts et al., 1977) or dopaminergic synaptic targets (Zito et al., 1985) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a mesolimbic terminal region, disrupts responding maintained by cocaine. Injection of D1 dopamine receptor antagonists into the NAcc (Maldonado et al., 1993;McGregor and Roberts, 1993), the medial prefrontal cortex (McGregor and Roberts, 1995), or, to a lesser extent, the amygdala (McGregor and Roberts, 1993), reduces cocaine reward. Thus it is widely assumed that it is dopamine released at the terminals of the mesocorticolimbic system that is important for reward function (Fibiger, 1978;Wise, 1978;Koob and Bloom, 1988;Wise, 1996;Berridge and Robinson, 1998).In addition to increasing extracellular levels of DA at the level of the axon terminals of the mesocorticolimbic system, cocaine also increases extracellular DA at the level of the dendrites in the VTA (Bradberry and Roth, 1989;...