Evidence for Jet Structure in Hadron Production by<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Annihilation

Hanson, G.; Abrams, G. S.; Boyarski, A. M.; Breidenbach, M.; Bulos, F.; Chinowsky, W.; Feldman, G. J.; Friedberg, C. E.; Fryberger, D.; Goldhaber, G.; Hartill, D. L.; Jean‐Marie, B.; Kadyk, J. A.; Larsen, R. R.; Litke, A. M.; Lüke, D.; Lulu, B. A.; Lüth, V.; Lynch, H. L.; Morehouse, C. C.; Paterson, J. M.; Перл, М.; Pierre, F.; Pun, T. P.; Rapidis, P. A.; Richter, B.; Sadoulet, B.; Schwitters, R. F.; Tanenbaum, W.; Trilling, G. H.; Vannucci, F.; Whitaker, J. S.; Winkelmann, F.C.; Wiss, J.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.35.1609

Cited by 393 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Highly collimated, energetic sprays of particles balanced in momentum known as jets were observed in e + e − collisions at SLAC [34], consistent with the hypothesis that hadrons are produced in these collisions through the production of qq pairs of opposite momentum. The observation of three jet events at PETRA through the process e + e − → qqg provided experimental evidence for the gluon as well as measurements of the strong coupling constant α S [35].…”

Section: Experimental Evidence For Qcdsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Since the size R determines what fraction of the parton shower is reconstructed as a jet, it affects the jet cross section. In heavy ion reactions the cone size dependence is amplified by the fact that mediuminduced parton showers have a broad angular distribution in comparison to the ones in the vacuum [34]. This is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Comparison At Fixed Suppression R7mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…These objects are the experimental signature of partonic hard scattering processes and have been used to test the theoretical application of the theory since their initial observation at SLAC [34]. However, the multi-particle final states associated with jet production are sufficiently complicated that any experimental measurement must have a precise definition of an observable [38].…”

Section: Jetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The medium-induced radiative energy loss su↵ered by high energy partons passing through nuclear matter was first computed in BDMPS-Z approach [12,34,35,63,64], in which the gluon emission probability is expressed in terms of the Green's function of a 2-D Schrödinger equation with an imaginary potential proportional to the cross section of interaction with color center of quarkantiquark-gluon system.…”

Section: Amy Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jet Quenching in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

Angerami¹

2014

Springer Theses

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Section: Experimental Evidence For Qcdsupporting

confidence: 49%

Section: Comparison At Fixed Suppression R7mentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Jetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amy Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jet Quenching in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

Angerami¹

2014

Springer Theses

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“…For example, there is one publication about the confirmation of the jet-model in a statistical counting omitting any emphasis of a single jet-event [Hanson et al 1975]. See also this typical statement about jet-events:…”

Section: Physicists On Jet-eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Quarks Are Unobservable

Fox¹

2009

philosophiascientiae

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Résumé : Cet article pose la question de savoir si les quarks -constituants élémentaires de la matière et dernières particules de la physique des hautes énergies à avoir été confirmées -peuvent être observés de manière directe ou indirecte. D'abord, des définitions antérieures de « l'observation » en physique seront examinées -en l'occurrence, celles proposées par Grover Maxwell, Bas van Fraassen et Dudley Shapere. Puis, leurs résultats seront comparés à une définition du concept d'observation et à une différenciation entre l'observation directe et indirecte.Une possibilité de mettre en évidence les quarks de manière expérimen-tale est le phénomène des jet-events, qui représentent un type spécifique de désagrégation dans les détecteurs de particules. Ces jet-events contribuent à l'étude de cas ici centrale, puisqu'ils sont la preuve la plus convaincante à ce jour des quarks. L'examen de jet-events et leurs évaluations par des physiciens mènent à la conclusion que les quarks ne peuvent être observés, ni directement ni indirectement. Cette thèse sera comparée aux points de vue de Kristin Shrader-Frechette et Michela Massimi sur l'observabilité des quarks. On en tire la conclusion que les quarks ne sont pas observables, si l'on entend employer le terme « observation » dans un sens non métaphorique et en conservant une relation avec ses usages dans la vie quotidienne.Abstract: This essay deals with the question whether quarks-the basic components of matter and one of the youngest confirmed particles in high energy physics-can be observed directly or indirectly. First, I shall discuss earlier definitions of "observation" in physics suggested by Grover Maxwell, Bas van Fraassen, and Dudely Shapere. Then, I shall compare their results with a new consideration of the idea of "observation" in physics and the distinction between direct and indirect observation.One of the ways that quarks appear in experimental evidence is in jetevents which are special decay patterns in particle detectors. These jet-events are the central case study for this essay since they are the most convincing evidence of quarks so far. My inquiry into the physics behind jet-events and their treatment by physicists leads me to conclude that quarks are neither directly nor indirectly observed. I compare this thesis to other views on the observability of quarks, suggested by Kristin Shrader-Frechette and Michela Massimi. But in short, it seems to me that if the notion "observation" is to Philosophia Scientiae, 13 (2), 2009, 167-189. 168Tobias Fox have a reasonable relation to an everyday life's concept of observation, and if it is meant literally instead of metaphorically, then quarks are not observable in any currently-known experimental context.

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The discovery of quarks

Friedman

2001

Ann. Phys.

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In the period following World War II, there was a rapid development of particle physics. With the construction of synchrotrons and the development of detector technology, many new particles were discovered and the systematics of their interactions investigated. The invention of the bubble chamber played an especially important role in uncovering the rich array of hadrons that were discovered in this period. In 1961 Murray Gell‐Mann [1] and Yuval Ne'eman [2] independently introduced a classification scheme, based on SU(3) symmetry, which placed hadrons into families on the basis of spin and parity. Like the periodic table for the elements, this scheme was predictive as well as descriptive, and various hadrons, such as the Ω—, were predicted within this framework and were later discovered. In 1964 Gell‐Mann [3] and George Zweig [4] independently proposed quarks as the building blocks of hadrons as a way of generating the SU(3) classification scheme. When the quark model was first proposed, it postulated three types of quarks: up (u), down (d), and strange (s), with charges 2/3, —1/3, and —1/3 respectively. Each of these was hypothesized to be a spin1/2 particle. In this model the nucleon (and all other baryons) is made up of three quarks, and each meson consists of a quark and an antiquark. For example, as the proton and neutron both have ero strangeness, they are (u,u,d) and (d,d,u) systems respectively. Though the quark model provided the best available tool for understanding the properties of the hadrons that had been discovered at the time, the model was thought by many to be merely a mathematical representation of some deeper dynamics, but one of heuristic value. Among the reasons for this assessment were the following:free quarks had not been found though they had been sought in numerous accelerator and cosmic ray investigations and in searches in the terrestrial environment; there was a deep suspicion about the validity of their fractional charge assignments; and some of the baryon states constructed on the basis of the quark model violated the Pauli exclusion principle. Despite these difficulties there were a small number of theorists who continued to apply the model to explain a wide range of hadronic phenomena. The theory of hadron structure that was most widely accepted at the time was the bootstrap model, an approach based on S‐Matrix theory. This model, sometimes referred to as “nuclear democracy,” was based on the idea that there were no fundamental particles and that all hadrons are made up of one another. This picture was consistent with the low momentum transfer scattering seen in hadron‐hadron interactions and with the observed “soft” electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron; however, it could not provide the comprehensive description of multiplet structures that was given by the quark model. Inelastic electron‐nucleon scattering results, and later those from neutrino‐scattering, played a pivotal role in resolving this dilemma by firmly establishing the quark model. These ex...

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Evidence for Jet Structure in Hadron Production bye+e−Annihilation

Cited by 393 publications

References 7 publications

Jet Quenching in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

Jet Quenching in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

Why Quarks Are Unobservable

The discovery of quarks

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