“…Corley et al (1996) showed that low concentrations of volatile organic compounds distribute in the bulk phases (air, water, and solid), adsorb to the air-water interface, and partition into intraparticle pores in unsaturated and saturated porous media. While it has been demonstrated in experiments that the gas-water interface poses a high potential for retardation (Brusseau et al, 1997;Costanza-Robinson and Brusseau, 2002b), determining the effective interfacial area, which controls the contaminant mass transfer, is still subject of intensive research (Goss, 2009;Kibbey and Chen, 2012;Brusseau et al, 2015). Mayes et al (2003) stated that immobile water in pores could act as a short-term sink and as a long-term source of potential contaminants.…”