Evidence for Inapparent Rabies Infection

Doege, TheodoreC.; Northrop, RobertL.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91084-8

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Positive rabies titers in the dogs of Florida may indicate past infection with survival, which is rare but has been reported in dogs. 16,18 Cross-reaction or a nonspecific reaction is also possible, although such reactions are seldom observed with titers Ͼ1:25, 13 which were seen in seven of the 17 dogs in Florida. None of the dogs showed signs consistent with rabies at the time of exam, but current infection and sampling during the incubation period of this viral disease cannot be excluded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serosurvey of Pathogens in Domestic Dogs on the Border of Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia

Bronson

Emmons²,

Murray³

et al. 2008

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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The threat of disease transmission from domestic animals to wildlife has become recognized as an increasing concern within the wildlife community in recent years. Domestic dogs pose a significant risk as reservoirs for infectious diseases, especially for wild canids. As part of a multifaceted ecologic study of maned wolves and other canids in the large, remote Noël Kempff Mercado National Park (NKMNP) in northeastern Bolivia, 40 domestic dogs in two villages and at two smaller settlements bordering the national park were sampled for exposure to canine diseases. High levels of exposure were found to canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus, both of which are known to cause mortality in maned wolves and other carnivores. Moderate to high levels of exposure were found to rabies virus, Ehrlichia canis, and Toxoplasma gondii, as well as significant levels of infection with Dirofilaria immitis. This study reports evidence of exposure to several diseases in the domestic dogs bordering the park. Contact between wild carnivores and dogs has been documented in the sampled villages, therefore dogs likely pose a substantial risk to the carnivores within and near NKMNP. Further measures should be undertaken to decrease the risk of spillover infection from domestic animals into the wild species of this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serosurvey of Pathogens in Domestic Dogs on the Border of Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia

Bronson

Emmons²,

Murray³

et al. 2008

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Although the examination of brains of clinical cases in Northern Nigeria did not implicate rabies-related viruses (30, t3), the presence of antibodies to rabies virus in non vaccinated dog serum samples is important in the epidemiology of rabies disease for two reasons. Firstly because it is now known that non fatal, latent abortive, or recovery from rabies infections can occur (5, 10,16,26), that the virus was continually isolated from saliva of dogs that developed subclinical infection in Brazil in experimental infection (9). The possibility of recovered dogs becoming carriers is very important from the public health point of view.…”

Section: It Is Not Possible To Differentiate Between the Lyssavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological Survey of Rabies Virus Antibodies in Non Vaccinated Dogs in Nsukka Environs, Nigeria

Wosu

Anyanwu

1990

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

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Summary Serum samples from 254 non vaccinated and apparently healthy dogs of local breeds in Nsukka environs, Nigeria were examined for the presence of antibodies to rabies virus by haemagglutination‐inhibition technique. The prevalence rates of rabies antibodies in, less than 3 months, 3—6 months, and over 6 months old dogs were 17.5 %, 7.3 % and 22.8 % respectively, and overall 16.1 % in the dog population. This was the first documented report of rabies antibodies in non vaccinated dogs in Eastern Nigeria. The results were discussed with respect to the epidemiology of prototype rabies and rabies‐related viruses. It was suggested that the antibodies were most probably due to the non virulent prototype rabies or rabies‐related virus strains. 83.9 % of susceptible dogs in the population suggested a mandatory regular a vaccination of all dogs in interest of public health and control of the disease. The study highlighted the need for more studies on epidemiology of rabies and rabies‐related viruses in Nigeria. Zusammenfassung Seroepidemiologische Untersuchung von Tollwut‐Antikörper‐Titern in nichtgeimpften Hunden in der Gegend von Nsukka, Nigeria Serumproben von 254 nichtgeimpften und offensichtlich gesunden Hunden aus der Gegen von Nsukka, Nigeria wurden mit dem Hämagglutinationshemmungstest auf den Gehalt von Tollwut‐Antikörpern untersucht. Die Antikörper‐Prävalenzrate war bei Hunden im Alter unter 3 Monaten 17,5 %, von 3–6 Monaten 7,3 %, über 6 Monaten 22,8 % und in der Gesamtpopulation 16,1 %. Die Arbeit stellt den ersten Bericht über die Verteilung von Tollwut‐Antikörpern bei nichtgeimpften Hunden in Ost‐Nigeria dar. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich der Epidemiologie des Tollwutvirus selbst sowie verwandter Viren diskutiert. Man vermutet, daß die Antikörper höchstwahrscheinlich auf nichtvirulente Tollwutstämme oder verwandte Viren zurückzuführen sind. Da 83,9 % der Hundepopulation empfänglich sind, wird im Hinblick auf die Volksgesundheit Impfpflicht und Kontrolle der Seuche empfohlen. Die Untersuchung beleuchtet die Notwendigkeit weiterer epidemiologischer Studien über Tollwut und tollwut‐verwandte Viren in Nigeria.

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“…Experiments with virus isolated from naturally infected insectivorous bats, vampire bats, rodents, spotted skunks (Spilogaleputorius), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and dogs have produced abortive, asymptomatic, or apathogenic infections or infections with long incubation periods. There also is substantial evidence for latent, asymptomatic, chronic, and abortive rabies in naturally infected animals (Webster 1937;Sulkin et al 1959;Bell 1966;Johnson 1966;Correa-Giron, Allen & Sulkin 1970;Constantine 1971;Lennette & Emmons 1971;Schneider & Schoop 1974;Doege & Northrop 1974;Bell 1975;Botros, Lewis & Kerkor 1970;Fekadu &-Baer 1980).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ecology of Rabies: Evidence of Co-Adaptation

Carey¹,

McLean²

1983

The Journal of Applied Ecology

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Applied Ecology. SUMMARY(1) Currently accepted rabies lore suggests that: (a) rabies is a uniformly fatal disease that causes decimating epizootics; (b) the existence of immune subpopulations of hosts and the immunological nature of rabies-virus-inhibiting substances in the blood of wild vertebrates is questionable; and (c) models can explain observed patterns of incidence without consideration of immune subpopulations or co-adaptations between the virus and its hosts.(2) The objective of this paper is to explore the idea that rabies virus does persist in traditional host-parasite relationships that exhibit varying degrees of co-adaptation.(3) Review of the literature is used to summarize current knowledge of the ecology of infectious diseases, the genetics and pathogenesis of rabies virus, the nature of vertebrate immune response to rabies virus under experimental conditions, and the nature of persistent rabies virus-host associations.(4) Unpublished data on rabies virus and immune responses in wild populations of mustelids, canids, marsupials, and bats is presented.(5) It is well documented that: (a) vertebrates can become immune through laboratory exposure to rabies; (b) natural infections can also induce immune responses; (c) rabies-neutralizing substances in some wild vertebrates confer significant resistance to infection.(6) It is shown that rabies virus persists in diverse ecological communities and that patterns of diseases differ among these communities.(7) Differences in patterns include mode of transmission, prevalence of infection, and the proportion of the host population that is immune.(8) Differences in patterns can be related to differences in the host populations, especially differences in population density and life history traits.(9) There is suggestive evidence that: (a) landscape effects (habitat quality and habitat pattern) are important in maintaining persistent virus-host associations; and that (b) rabies is opportunistic, forming dynamic host associations that may change rapidly through time.(10) Consideration of immune subpopulations does not invalidate, but can enhance, mathematical models of patterns of rabies incidence.(11) Improved virological and immunological techniques are now sufficient to permit effective investigation of some heretofore unaddressable aspects of rabies ecology.(12) It is emphasized that current knowledge of rabies ecology is based to a large extent on unverified or anecdotal data and is fragmentary; caution should be used in making assumptions in planning research, choosing control strategies, or formulating models.

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Evidence for Inapparent Rabies Infection

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Serosurvey of Pathogens in Domestic Dogs on the Border of Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia

Serosurvey of Pathogens in Domestic Dogs on the Border of Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia

Seroepidemiological Survey of Rabies Virus Antibodies in Non Vaccinated Dogs in Nsukka Environs, Nigeria

The Ecology of Rabies: Evidence of Co-Adaptation

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