Evidence for genetic hybridization between<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>and<i>Ixodes cookei</i>

Patterson, James W.; Duncan, A.; McIntyre, Kelsey C.; Lloyd, Vett K.

doi:10.1139/cjz-2016-0134

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…As the incongruence concerns a single locality and since the phylogenetic placement of the questionable samples was concordant in the two nuclear gene trees, we assume that introgression, rather than ILS, is the underlying cause for the detected discordance. Among mites, hybridization has hitherto been only reported for ticks (Ixodidae) ( Rees, Dioli & Kirkendall, 2003 ; Kovalev, Golovljova & Mukhacheva, 2016 ; Patterson et al, 2017 ) and our data thus provide the first indication that hybridization/introgression might occur also in other mite taxa. In theory, sex-biased dispersal can also cause mito-nuclear discordances.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Unexpected diversity in the host-generalist oribatid miteParaleius leontonychus(Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) phoretic on Palearctic bark beetles

Schäffer

Koblmüller

2020

PeerJ

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Bark beetles are feared as pests in forestry but they also support a large number of other taxa that exploit the beetles and their galleries. Among arthropods, mites are the largest taxon associated with bark beetles. Many of these mites are phoretic and often involved in complex interactions with the beetles and other organisms. Within the oribatid mite family Scheloribatidae, only two of the three nominal species of Paraleius have been frequently found in galleries of bark beetles and on the beetles themselves. One of the species, P. leontonychus, has a wide distribution range spanning over three ecozones of the world and is believed to be a host generalist, reported from numerous bark beetle and tree species. In the present study, phylogenetic analyses of one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes identified six well supported, fairly divergent clades within P. leontonychus which we consider to represent distinct species based on molecular species delimitation methods and largely congruent clustering in mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees. These species do not tend to be strictly host specific and might occur syntopically. Moreover, mito-nuclear discordance indicates a case of past hybridization/introgression among distinct Paraleius species, the first case of interspecific hybridization reported in mites other than ticks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Unexpected diversity in the host-generalist oribatid miteParaleius leontonychus(Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) phoretic on Palearctic bark beetles

Schäffer

Koblmüller

2020

PeerJ

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“…However, there is a case report of I. cookei- transmitted human infection that shows that some risk of transmission exists [ 14 ]. An additional layer of complexity is added by the subsequent finding that some of these ticks were hybrids between I. scapularis and I. cookei [ 60 ]. The vectoral potential of such hybrids is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Risk: Tick and Borrelia burgdorferi Public Participatory Surveillance in the Canadian Maritimes, 2012–2020

et al. 2021

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Ticks are vectors of many diseases, including Lyme disease (Ld). Lyme disease is an emerging disease in Canada caused by infection with the Lyme borreliosis (Lb) members of the Borrelia genus of spirochaete bacteria, of which Borrelia burgdorferi is regionally the most prevalent. The primary tick vector in central and eastern Canada, Ixodes scapularis, is increasing in numbers and in the geographical extent of established populations. This study documents the distribution of ticks recovered by passive surveillance, and their B. burgdorferi infection prevalence, in three Canadian Maritime provinces from 2012–2020. These regions represent areas in which tick populations are widely established, establishing, and considered non-established. Using a community science approach by partnering with veterinarians and members of the public, we collected over 7000 ticks from the 3 provinces. The three species found most often on companion animals and humans were I. scapularis (76.9%), Ixodes cookei (10.4%) and Dermacentor variabilis (8.9%). The most common hosts were dogs (60.5%), cats (16.8%) and humans (17.6%). As is typical of passive surveillance tick collections, the majority of ticks recovered were adult females; for I. scapularis 90.2%, 5.3%, 3.9% and 0.6% of the total of 5630 ticks recovered for this species were adult females, adult males, nymphs and larvae, respectively. The majority of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks were I. scapularis, as expected. Borrelia infection prevalence in I scapularis was higher in Nova Scotia (20.9%), the province with the most endemic regions, than New Brunswick (14.1%) and Prince Edward Island (9.1%), provinces thought to have established and non-established tick populations, respectively. The province-wide Borrelia infection prevalence generally increased in these latter tow provinces over the course of the study. The host did not have a significant effect on B. burgdorferi infection prevalence; I. scapularis ticks from dogs, cats, humans was, 13.3% (n = 3622), 15.6% (n = 817), 17.9% (n = 730), respectively. No I. scapularis larvae were found infected (n = 33) but B. burgdorferi was detected in 14.8% of both adults (n = 5140) and nymphs (n = 215). The incidence of B. burgdorferi infection also did not differ by engorgement status 15.0% (n = 367), 15.1% (n = 3101) and 14.4% (n = 1958) of non-engorged, engorged and highly engorged ticks, respectively, were infected. In New Brunswick, at the advancing front of tick population establishment, the province-wide infection percentages generally increased over the nine-year study period and all health district regions showed increased tick recoveries and a trend of increased percentages of Borrelia-infected ticks over the course of the study. Within New Brunswick, tick recoveries but not Borrelia infection prevalence were significantly different from endemic and non-endemic regions, suggesting cryptic endemic regions existed prior to their designation as a risk area. Over the 9 years of the study, tick recoveries increased in New Brunswick, the primary study region, and I. scapularis recoveries spread northwards and along the coast, most but not all new sites of recoveries were predicted by climate-based models, indicating that ongoing tick surveillance is necessary to accurately detect all areas of risk. Comparison of tick recoveries and public health risk areas indicates a lag in identification of risk areas. Accurate and timely information on tick distribution and the incidence of Borrelia and other infections are essential for keeping the public informed of risk and to support disease prevention behaviors.

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“…In such overlapping zones crossspecies mating occurs, leading to hybrid offspring that likely possess phenotypic traits of both parents. Cross-mating has not only observed between I. ricinus and I. persulcatus but also between I. persulcatus and I. pavlovskyi (Balashov Iu et al, 1998; and references therein Kovalev et al, 2015Kovalev et al, , 2016 and between I. scapularis and I. cookei in North America (Patterson et al, 2017) suggesting that cross-mating between tick species may be more frequent than once thought.…”

Section: Hybrid Ticks?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia bavariensis: Vector Switch, Niche Invasion, and Geographical Spread of a Tick-Borne Bacterial Parasite

Margos¹,

Fingerle²,

Reynolds

2019

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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The Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex currently consists of more than 20 species that utilize small vertebrate hosts as reservoirs and ticks of the genus Ixodes as vectors. The bacterial parasite species differ in their ecology (reservoir hosts, competent vectors) as well as geographical distribution. Several studies have defined reservoir host association as a driver for diversification, speciation and pattern of spatial occurrence of populations but in this review we focus on vector association and its role in diversification and speciation of Borrelia. Borrelia bavariensis, a member of the species complex, uses small mammals as reservoir hosts and can cause Lyme borreliosis in humans. Phylogeographic analysis employing both genetic and genomic data shows that this species has undergone a recent range expansion, invading Europe from its probable original range in Asia while undergoing a drastic genetic bottleneck, suggesting that the colonization of Europe was a single event. We hypothesize that this invasion-like range expansion coincided with a change in the parasite's tick vector, switching from Ixodes persulcatus in Asia to I. ricinus in Europe. Making extensive use of the ecological concept of niche, we discuss the importance of host and vector associations in defining spatial range and their possible role in speciation in the B. burgdorferi sensu lato species complex.

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Evidence for genetic hybridization betweenIxodes scapularisandIxodes cookei

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

Unexpected diversity in the host-generalist oribatid miteParaleius leontonychus(Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) phoretic on Palearctic bark beetles

Unexpected diversity in the host-generalist oribatid miteParaleius leontonychus(Oribatida, Scheloribatidae) phoretic on Palearctic bark beetles

Monitoring Risk: Tick and Borrelia burgdorferi Public Participatory Surveillance in the Canadian Maritimes, 2012–2020

Borrelia bavariensis: Vector Switch, Niche Invasion, and Geographical Spread of a Tick-Borne Bacterial Parasite

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