Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021

Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin M.; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, C.; Friedrich, Ronny; Dee, Michael W.

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Such differences observed in the 14 C data reported so far have not been fully understood, hindering a consistent understanding of the event shown in 14 C data and affecting a 14 C spike-based dating (spike matching), which is rapidly advancing recently (Wacker et al, 2014;Oppenheimer et al, 2017;Hakozaki et al, 2018;Kuitems et al, 2021;Philippsen et al, 2021). In this study, we reinvestigated the Japanese cedar data around the 993 CE event by collecting new 14 C data and discussed the observed differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Regional Differences in Carbon-14 Data of the 993 CE Cosmic Ray Event

Miyake

Hakozaki

Kimura

et al. 2022

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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Cosmogenic nuclides such as 14C from tree rings and 10Be and 36Cl from ice cores are excellent proxies for the past extremely large solar energetic particle (SEP) events, which are dozens of times larger than the largest SEP event in the history of observation. So far, several rapid 14C increases have been discovered, which are considered to have originated from extreme SEP events (or set of successive SEP events) from verifications using multiple cosmogenic nuclide analyses in natural archives. Although these events are characterized by a rapid increase in cosmogenic nuclide concentrations, 14C data recorded worldwide do not always show similar variations, especially during the 993 CE event, where a rapid increase was recorded in either 992–993 CE or 993–994 CE in several records. We present new 14C data of the Japanese cedar sample for the 993 CE event. Although the latest data show no significant increase in 1 year, an overall increase pattern is consistent with the previously reported 14C data of the Japanese cedar, which supports that a significant 14C increase occurred from 993 to 994 CE in the Japanese sample. Given the dominant 14C production in high latitudes by SEPs, the difference in timing of increase may be a transport effect in the atmosphere. Moreover, the difference in the timing of the 14C increase can cause a 1-year age-determination error using the 993 CE radiocarbon spike. Compared with the 14C data between tree samples from high latitude and midlatitude, including Japan, high-latitude data can capture 14C changes originating from SEP events more quickly and clearly and may be more suitable for a SEP event exploration in the past.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Regional Differences in Carbon-14 Data of the 993 CE Cosmic Ray Event

Miyake

Hakozaki

Kimura

et al. 2022

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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“…5,6,7 Additional European influences that are also thought to have contributed to the genetic landscape of NL are the Portuguese, 8,9 French 10 and Highland Scottish. 1 Norse settlers were present in NL for > 100 years in around 1000 A.D, 11,12,13 although it appears that they never settled permanently. Also present in NL before, during and after the time of European settlement were Indigenous peoples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Y Chromosome in Newfoundland and Labrador: Evidence of a Founder Effect

Zurel¹,

Bhérer

Batten³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The population of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) is largely derived from settlers who migrated primarily from England and Ireland in the 1700-1800s. Previously described as an isolated founder population, based on historical and demographic studies, data on the genetic ancestry of this population remains fragmentary. Here we describe the largest investigation of patrilineal ancestry in NL. To determine the paternal genetic structure of the population, 1,110 Y chromosomes from an NL based cohort were analyzed using 5,761 Y-specific markers. We identified 160 distinct paternal haplotypes, the majority of which (71.4%) belong to the R1b haplogroup. When NL is compared with global reference populations, the haplotype composition and frequencies of the NL paternal lineages primarily resemble the English and Irish ancestral source populations. There is also evidence for genetic contributions from Basque, French, Portuguese, and Spanish fishermen and early settlers that frequented NL. The population structure shows geographical and religious clustering that can be associated with the settlement of ancestral source populations from England and Ireland. For example, the R1b-M222 haplotype, seen in people of Irish descent, is found clustered in the Irish-settled Southeast region of NL. The clustering and expansion of Y haplotypes in conjunction with the geographical and religious clusters illustrate that limited subsequent in-migration, geographic isolation and societal factors have contributed to the genetic substructure of the NL population and its designation as a founder population.

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“…Last year, archaeologists took advantage of advances in radiocarbon dating to home in on the precise year -and even the seasonin which Viking explorers first arrived in the Americas. Working with pieces of felled timber unearthed in a settlement on the northern shore of Newfoundland, Canada, a team led by isotopeanalysis expert Michael Dee at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and his postdoc Margot Kuitems determined that the tree was likely to have been cut down in the year 1021, probably in the spring 8 .…”

Section: High-precision Radiocarbon Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%