Evidence for Cryptic Speciation in Directly Transmitted Gyrodactylid Parasites of Trinidadian Guppies

Xavier, Raquel; Faria, Patrícia J.; Paladini, Giuseppe; Oosterhout, Cock van; Johnson, Mireille; Cable, Joanne

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117096

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Finally, the ability to culture parasites in vitro permits control over their reproduction, so for dioecious or hermaphroditic species this allows mechanisms including hybridization [65] between cryptic species or strains to be studied under controlled conditions. Cryptic speciation is common among aquatic parasites, with closely-related parasite taxa often infecting related hosts in communities [66][67][68]. Recent studies have shown that in vitro matings between adults of different cryptic hermaphrodite Schistocephalus species generated both hybrid and pure-species offspring, with hybrids showing less host-specificity than pure-species parasites [69].…”

Section: Ecology Host-parasite Dynamics and Evolutionary Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Parasite Cultures and Their Applications

Hutson

Cable

Grutter

et al. 2018

Trends in Parasitology

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In this era of unprecedented growth in aquaculture and trade, aquatic parasite cultures are essential to better understand emerging diseases and their implications for human and animal health. Yet culturing parasites presents multiple challenges, arising from their complex, often multi-host life cycles, multiple developmental stages, variable generation times and reproductive modes. Furthermore, the essential environmental requirements of most parasites remain enigmatic. Despite these inherent difficulties, in vivo and in vitro cultures are being developed for a small but growing number of aquatic pathogens. Expanding this resource will facilitate diagnostic capabilities and treatment trials, thus supporting the growth of sustainable aquatic commodities and communities. Aquatic parasite cultures permit advances in human, animal and environmental health Parasite cultures (see Glossary) facilitate the completion of life cycles over successive generations, either in vivo (i.e. on or in a host) or in vitro (i.e. in the absence of the host). Alternatively, if the full life cycle cannot be completed, some parasite development or extension of life span might be achieved. Ideally, cultures should have defined origins and depending on the application, it may be desirable for them to be genetically restricted and maintain the same restricted subset of genotypes across generations. The ultimate goal of a parasite culture is to provide readily manipulated material of defined life-stages for replicable experimental research. Aquatic cultures include the use of molluscan, crustacean, fish, amphibian, avian and mammalian hosts for a wide diversity of parasites (Table 1). Recent rapid growth in the mass production of aquatic animals for food, alongside growth in international trade, rapid domestication and application of new technologies, drive

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Section: Ecology Host-parasite Dynamics and Evolutionary Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Parasite Cultures and Their Applications

Hutson

Cable

Grutter

et al. 2018

Trends in Parasitology

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“…(at least three species: Xavier et al. ), are the most prevalent multicellular parasites in natural guppy populations (van Oosterhout et al. ; Stephenson et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ectoparasitic monogeneans, Gyrodactylus spp. (at least three species: Xavier et al 2015), are the most prevalent multicellular parasites in natural guppy populations Stephenson et al 2015b). Parasites in the Gyrodactylus genus feed on host mucous and epithelia and are transmitted directly through close contact between hosts (reviewed by Bakke et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A further cost for the sicker sex? Evidence for male‐biased parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation

Stephenson

Kinsella

Cable

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Males are typically the sicker sex. Data from multiple taxa indicate that they are more likely to be infected with parasites, and are less “tolerant,” or less able to mitigate the fitness costs of a given infection, than females. One cost of infection for many animals is an increased probability of being captured by a predator. A clear, hitherto untested, prediction is therefore that this parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation is more pronounced among males than females. We tested this prediction in the sexually size dimorphic guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in which females are typically larger than males. We either sham or experimentally infected guppies with Gyrodactylus turnbulli, elicited their escape response using an established protocol and measured the distance they covered during 60 ms. To discriminate between the effects of body size and those of other inherent sex differences, we size‐matched fish across treatment groups. Infection with G. turnbulli reduced the distance covered during the escape response of small adults by 20.1%, whereas that of large fish was unaffected. This result implies that parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation is male‐biased in the wild: although there was no difference in escape response between our experimentally size‐matched groups of males and females, males are significantly smaller across natural guppy populations. These results are consistent with Bateman's principle for immunity: Natural selection for larger body sizes and longevity in females seems to have resulted in the evolution of increased infection tolerance. We discuss the potential implications of sex‐ and size‐biased parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation for the evolutionary ecology of this host–parasite interaction in natural communities.

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“…The above guppy-Rivulus interactions might be strongly influenced by specialist monogenean Gyrodactylus ectoparasites that complete their life cycle on guppy hosts (Kearn 1994, Cable and Harris 2002, Harris et al 2004). In Trinidad, three species of Gyrodactylus are known to infect guppies: G. poeciliae, G. turnbulli and G. bullatarudis (Harris and Lyles 1992, van Oosterhout et al 2003, Xavier et al 2015. The genus is characterized by an extreme progenesis and hyper-viviparity: adults give birth to fully-grown offspring that in turn has a developing embryo in utero (Cohen 1977).…”

Section: Empirical Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental test of antagonistic effects of competition and parasitism on host performance in semi‐natural mesocosms

Pérez‐Jvostov

Hendry

Fussmann

et al. 2015

Oikos

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The mechanisms by which parasites can mediate the interactions between species have received increased interest in recent years. Nonetheless, most research has focused on the role of shared parasites as mediators of interspecific competition. Here, we explore the relative effects of Gyrodactylus specialist ectoparasites of Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata on competition between their host and juveniles of the killifish Rivulus hartii. In mesocosms that replicate natural streams, we exposed guppies to only competitors, to only parasites, to both parasites and competitors, or the absence of both. Consistent with previous studies, we found that female guppies grew significantly less where only Gyrodactylus were present, and this was regardless of infection status or parasite load. Surprisingly, this effect of Gyrodactylus on the growth of female guppies was greatly reduced when both parasites and competitors were present in the mesocosms. We conclude that guppies can mediate the effects of Gyrodactylus on competition with Rivulus, by adaptively fine‐tuning their phenotype when simultaneously facing multiple enemies.

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Evidence for Cryptic Speciation in Directly Transmitted Gyrodactylid Parasites of Trinidadian Guppies

Cited by 33 publications

References 70 publications

Aquatic Parasite Cultures and Their Applications

Aquatic Parasite Cultures and Their Applications

A further cost for the sicker sex? Evidence for male‐biased parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation

An experimental test of antagonistic effects of competition and parasitism on host performance in semi‐natural mesocosms

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