Evidence for Cognitive Processes Involved in the Control of Steady State of Walking in Healthy Subjects and after Cerebral Damage

Regnaux, Jean‐Philippe; David, D. J.; Daniel, Olivier; Smail, D. Ben; Combeaud, M.; Bussel, B.

doi:10.1177/1545968305275612

Cited by 59 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…6). As an alternative task to assess StartReact effects, future studies could incorporate other voluntary tasks that are completely independent from the PR, including vocalizations (Chiu et al 2011) or displacements of the tongue (Regnaux et al 2005) and counterbalance the Perturbation-Only trials with others within the methodological design.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

Campbell

Squair

Chua

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Campbell AD, Squair JW, Chua R, Inglis JT, Carpenter MG. First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance. J Neurophysiol 110: 2236 -2245, 2013. First published August 14, 2013 doi:10.1152/jn.00766.2012.-Postural responses (PR) to a balance perturbation differ between the first and subsequent perturbations. One explanation for this first trial effect is that perturbations act as startling stimuli that initiate a generalized startle response (GSR) as well as the PR. Startling stimuli, such as startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), are known to elicit GSRs, as well as a StartReact effect, in which prepared movements are initiated earlier by a startling stimulus. In this study, a StartReact effect paradigm was used to determine if balance perturbations can also act as startle stimuli. Subjects completed two blocks of simple reaction time trials involving wrist extension to a visual imperative stimulus (IS). Each block included 15 CONTROL trials that involved a warning cue and subsequent IS, followed by 10 repeated TEST trials, where either a SAS (TEST SAS ) or a toes-up support-surface rotation (TEST PERT ) was presented coincident with the IS. StartReact effects were observed during the first trial in both TEST SAS and TEST PERT conditions as evidenced by significantly earlier wrist movement and muscle onsets compared with CONTROL. Likewise, StartReact effects were observed in all repeated TEST SAS and TEST PERT trials. In contrast, GSRs in sternocleidomastoid and PRs were large in the first trial, but significantly attenuated over repeated presentation of the TEST PERT trials. Results suggest that balance perturbations can act as startling stimuli. Thus first trial effects are likely PRs which are superimposed with a GSR that is initially large, but habituates over time with repeated exposure to the startling influence of the balance perturbation.first trial effect; postural responses; startle; StartReact effect; reaction time IN A REPEATED SEQUENCE OF trials involving discrete balance perturbations, amplitudes of postural responses (PRs) evoked by the first trial are significantly larger compared with subsequent trials involving the same postural stimulus (Bloem et al. 1998a;Chong et al. 1999;Hansen et al. 1988;Keshner et al. 1987;

show abstract

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

Campbell

Squair

Chua

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most gait-related dual task studies have examined the effects of only one cognitive task [4][5][6]. Recently though, Haggard et al [7] employed four different cognitive tasks to investigate whether CMI is modulated across different task combinations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between cognitive tasks and gait after stroke: A dual task study

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study investigated the interactions between gait and three different cognitive tasks in people after stroke. Thirteen people post-stroke who were living in the community, were able to walk 10 m without physical assistance, and could respond verbally to auditory stimuli participated. Participants performed a walking task alone, three different cognitive tasks while seated, and each cognitive task in combination with walking. Gait data were acquired continuously for approximately 3 min. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded for two of the cognitive tasks (visuospatial task, working memory task). Speech samples from the spontaneous speech task were analyzed on several dimensions of language. Significant dual task effects were observed for gait speed, stride time, average stride length, and cadence, but not for stride time variability. Speech produced more gait interference than memory and visuospatial tasks. Interference effects on cognition were minimal; only speech was significantly affected by concurrent walking. Narratives in the dual task condition had more pauses, shorter sentences, but more utterances with new information. Even though participants in this study were mobility-impaired, they prioritized the cognitive tasks. Future research should determine whether dual task training can reduce gait decrements in dual task situations in people after stroke.⋆ P Plummer-D'Amato was supported by NIDRR Fellowship (Award ID# EH133P020005). There was no other source of funding for this study.

show abstract

“…In these paradigms a primary task is undertaken, often walking, which is the main focus of attention. Secondary tasks are added and the resultant effect on both tasks is examined (11,12). In day to day situations it is normal for more than one task to be undertaken concurrently e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a cognitive or motor task on gait parameters of diabetic patients, with and without neuropathy

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

with diabetes and no neuropathy (70 ± 2.9years). The temporal and spatial parameters of gait were evaluated using the GAITRite walkway. Subjects undertook four walks under normal walking conditions (single task); four times while simultaneously undertaking an additional motor task, carrying a tray with cups of water (dual task); and four times whilst undertaking a cognitive dual task, counting backwards in sevens. This arithmetic task was also completed in sitting.Results: For all gait variables there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. Subjects with DPN walked slower and with smaller steps compared to those with diabetes. In general the secondary task had a significant and adverse effect on the gait parameters and this effect was greater for those with DPN in both absolute and relative terms. Both groups had poorer arithmetic ability when walking compared to sitting. Discussion:Patients with DPN have different gait parameters to diabetic patients without neuropathy. Problems with divided attention when walking were more evident in the DPN group and may increase their risk of falls.

show abstract

Evidence for Cognitive Processes Involved in the Control of Steady State of Walking in Healthy Subjects and after Cerebral Damage

Cited by 59 publications

References 28 publications

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

Interactions between cognitive tasks and gait after stroke: A dual task study

The effect of a cognitive or motor task on gait parameters of diabetic patients, with and without neuropathy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About