Evidence for a Supernova in Reanalyzed Optical and Near‐Infrared Images of GRB 970228

Galama, T. J.; Tanvir, N. R.; Vreeswijk, P. M.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Groot, P.; Rol, E.; Paradijs, J.A. van; Kouveliotou, C.; Fruchter, A. S.; Masetti, N.; Pedersen, H.; Margon, B.; Deutsch, Eric W.; Metzger, M.; Armus, L.; Klose, S.; Stecklum, B.

doi:10.1086/308909

Cited by 188 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…To the degree that GRBs trace massive star formation in the early universe (Bloom et al 1999 ;Galama et al 2000 ;Piro et al 2000 ;Bloom, Kulkarni, & Djorgovski 2000 ;Reichart 2001), then the extreme luminosity and the dust-penetrating ability of c-rays can be used to select highredshift galaxies in an unbiased way without regard to their emission properties. Surveys for optical/UV galaxies are magnitude-limited while, in contrast, the sample of GRB host galaxies have magnitudes V D 22È28 that span the complete range of model predictions (Hogg & Fruchter 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GRB 010222: A Burst within a Starburst

Frail

Bertoldi

Moriarty‐Schieven

et al. 2002

ApJ

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We present millimeter-and submillimeter-wavelength observations and near-infrared K-band imaging toward the bright gamma-ray burst GRB 010222. Over seven di †erent epochs, a constant source was detected with an average Ñux density of 3.74^0.53 mJy at 350 GHz and 1.05^0.22 mJy at 250 GHz, giving a spectral index a \ 3.78^0.25 (where F P la). We rule out the possibility that this emission originated from the burst or its afterglow, and we conclude that it is due to a dusty, high-redshift starburst galaxy (SMM J14522]4301). We argue that the host galaxy of GRB 010222 is the most plausible counterpart of SMM J14522]4301, based in part on the centimeter detection of the host at the expected level. The optical/near-IR properties of the host galaxy of GRB 010222 suggest that it is a blue sub-L * galaxy, similar to other GRB host galaxies. This contrasts with the enormous far-infrared luminosity of this galaxy based on our submillimeter detection We suggest that this GRB hostgalaxy has a very high star formation rate, SFR B 600 yr~1, most of which is unseen at optical M _ wavelengths.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GRB 010222: A Burst within a Starburst

Frail

Bertoldi

Moriarty‐Schieven

et al. 2002

ApJ

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“…The AG of GRB 970228 (located at redshift z = 0.695) appears to be overtaken by a light curve akin to that of SN1998bw (located at z bw = 0.0085), when properly scaled by their differing redshifts (Dar 1999b;Reichart 1999;Galama et al 2000). Evidence of similar associations was found for GRB 990712 Sahu et al 2000;Bjornsson et al 2001), GRB 980703 (Holland et al 2000b), GRB 000418 (DD2000a), GRB 991208 (Castro-Tirado et al 2001) and GRB 990510 (Sokolov et al 2001a).…”

Section: The Grb/sn Associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the optical and X-ray afterglows of gamma ray bursts

Dado

Dar

Rújula

2002

A&A

256

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Abstract. We severely criticize the consuetudinary analysis of the afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the conical-ejection fireball scenarios. We argue that, instead, recent observations imply that the long-duration GRBs and their afterglows are produced by highly relativistic jets of cannonballs (CBs) emitted in supernova explosions. The CBs are heated by their collision with the supernova shell. The GRB is the boosted surface radiation the CBs emit as they reach the transparent outskirts of the shell. The exiting CBs further decelerate by sweeping up interstellar matter (ISM). The early X-ray afterglow is dominated by thermal bremsstrahlung from the cooling CBs, the optical afterglow by synchrotron radiation from the ISM electrons swept up by the CBs. We show that this model fits simply and remarkably well all the measured optical afterglows of the 15 GRBs with known redshift, including that of GRB 990123, for which unusually prompt data are available. We demonstrate that GRB 980425 was a normal GRB produced by SN1998bw, with standard X-ray and optical afterglows. We find that the very peculiar afterglow of GRB 970508 can be explained if its CBs encountered a significant jump in density as they moved through the ISM. The afterglows of the nearest 8 of the known-redshift GRBs show various degrees of evidence for an association with a supernova akin to SN1998bw. In all other cases such an association, even if present, would have been undetectable with the best current photometric sensitivities. This gives strong support to the proposition that most, maybe all, of the long-duration GRBs are associated with supernovae. Although our emphasis is on optical afterglows, we also provide an excellent description of X-ray afterglows.

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“…The increased efficiency in stare data for steeply decaying light curves is indicated. The locations of GRB 970228, extrapolated from afterglow data (Galama et al 2000), and GRB 990123 (Akerlof et al 1999) are shown for comparison.…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Untriggered Search for Optical Bursts

Kehoe¹,

Akerlof²,

Balsano³

et al. 2002

ApJ

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We present an untriggered search for optical bursts with the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-I) telephoto array. Observations were taken that monitor an effective 256 deg 2 field continuously over 125 hr to m ROTSE ¼ 15:7. The uniquely large field, moderate limiting magnitude, and fast cadence of $10 minutes permit transient searches in a new region of sensitivity. Our search reveals no candidate events. To quantify this result, we simulate potential optical bursts with peak magnitude m p at t ¼ 10 s, which fade as f ¼ t=t 0 ð Þ t , where t < 0. Simple estimates based on observational evidence indicate that a search of this sensitivity begins to probe the possible region occupied by gamma-ray burst (GRB) orphan afterglows. Our observing protocol and image sensitivity result in a broad region of high detection efficiency for light curves to the bright and slowly varying side of a boundary running from ½ t ; m p ¼ ½À2:0; 6:0 to [À0.3, 13.2]. Within this region, the integrated rate of brief optical bursts is less than 1:1 Â 10 À8 s À1 deg À2 . At $22 times the observed GRB rate from BATSE, this suggests a limit on opt = d5, where h opt and h are the optical and gamma-ray collimation angles, respectively. Several effects might explain the absence of optical bursts, and a search of the kind described here but more sensitive by about 4 mag should offer a more definitive probe.

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Evidence for a Supernova in Reanalyzed Optical and Near‐Infrared Images of GRB 970228

Cited by 188 publications

References 44 publications

GRB 010222: A Burst within a Starburst

GRB 010222: A Burst within a Starburst

On the optical and X-ray afterglows of gamma ray bursts

An Untriggered Search for Optical Bursts

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