Evidence-Efficient Multihop Clustering Routing Scheme for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

With the increasing number of vehicles, the management of parking spaces in cities is becoming increasingly important in improving the quality of life and combating air pollution. Indeed, finding a parking space at peak times and in congested areas of the population becomes a huge challenge for drivers. To remedy this problem, most modern cities have smart parking. The equipment of these smart parking is mainly based on the implementation of wireless sensor networks (WSN) to monitor, track, and collect real-time information on the occupancy status of each parking space. This information is then made available to drivers who are looking for an available parking space. However, sensor nodes have limitations in terms of energy and communication that affect the performance and quality of the wireless sensor network. Therefore, the design of a self-organization protocol for WSN that minimizes power consumption and maximizes the longevity of the WSN network must be taken into account when implementing and developing a sustainable and viable intelligent parking system. In this paper, we propose a protocol for self-organization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for the management of parking spaces in outdoor and urban car parks. This protocol is based on building clusters using ZigBee transmission technology for multihop communication. Each sensor node will be installed in the ground of each parking space to monitor its availability by sending the empty or busy state of that space to the gateway using cluster head nodes (CHs). This approach has a robust and efficient self-organizing algorithm that minimizes energy dissipation and increases the lifetime of sensor nodes and the WSN network. The simulation results show that parking management systems in outdoor and urban car parks using the self-organization protocol presented are efficient and sustainable in terms of energy consumption, reliability of data transmission, and the longevity of the WSN network compared to other existing parking systems that use different self-organizing protocols for wireless sensor networks.

“…In this case, both detection and processing modules are switched on. This process reduces the energy dissipation in the network and minimizes energy consumption in the nodes [30].…”

Section: Network and Radio Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Protocol Based on Recursive Clusters for Smart Parking Applications Using Internet of Things (IOT)

Hilmani

Maizate

Hassouni

2020

“…With the repetition of the two phases, nodes can move to the appropriate positions. Here, two terminal thresholds [20], namely, the main threshold ℎ and the threshold field of view ℎ , are set.…”

Section: Aifs Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Adaptive Fish Swarm‐Based Mobile Coverage in WSNs

Qin

2018

Swarm intelligent algorithms are embedded into sensor networks to achieve perfect coverage with minimal cost. However, these methods are often highly complex and easily fall into the local optimum when balancing coverage and resource consumption. We introduce adaptive improved fish swarm optimization (AIFS) that extricates each node from the local optimum and reduces overlap and overflow coverage. Drawing on the habits of fish, AFIS ensures node mobility with respect to the food concentration at a certain point. Node dispersion shows good compromise under coordination by two presented parameters, namely, food concentration and crowd density. In addition to inheriting properties from traditional fish swarm, the initial random nodes become dispersed without overflow in assisting the proposed jumping and dodging behavior. The resulting network avoids potential local optima and improves the network boundary coverage efficiency. The convergence speed and efficiency of AIFS are verified. Extensive simulation experiments reveal that an improved coverage gain is obtained, and computation cost and overflow waste are reduced.

“…Multihop relaying protocols [1][2][3][4][5] are commonly used to enhance performance for wireless networks, e.g., wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and wireless ad hoc networks (WANs). In WSNs and WANs, the transmit power of wireless devices is often limited, and hence, the source cannot directly communicate with the destination at a far distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Enhancement for Multihop Cognitive DF and AF Relaying Protocols under Joint Impact of Interference and Hardware Noises: NOMA for Primary Network and Best‐Path Selection for Secondary Network

Duy¹,

Ngoc

Tran

2021

In this paper, we propose and evaluate performance of multihop multipath underlay cognitive radio networks. In a primary network, an uplink nonorthogonal multiple access method is employed to allow primary transmitters to simultaneously transmit their data to a primary receiver. Using an underlay spectrum-sharing method, secondary source and secondary relays must adjust their transmit power to guarantee quality of service of the primary network. Under the limited transmit power, cochannel interference from the primary transmitters, and hardware noises caused by impairments, we propose best-path selection methods to improve the end-to-end performance for the secondary network. Moreover, both multihop decode-and-forward and amplify-and-forward relaying protocols are considered in this paper. We derive expressions of outage probability for the primary and secondary networks and propose an efficient method to calculate the transmit power of the secondary transmitters. Then, computer simulations employing the Monte-Carlo approach are realized to validate the derivations.