Evidence by radioimmunoassay that mitogen-activated human blood mononuclear cells secrete significant amounts of light chain Ig unassociated with heavy chain

Hopper, John E.; Papagiannes, Elaine

doi:10.1016/0008-8749(86)90191-7

Cited by 58 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Human Ig molecules contain two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, which exist as kappa or lambda isotypes, and are linked to heavy chains by covalent bonds [36], [37]. During the production of intact immunoglobulins, plasma cells produce an excess of kappa and lambda light chains that are secreted as FLCs [38]. These FLCs can exist as monomers (22–27 kDa) or dimers (44–55 kDa) [39], and can normally be detected in many biological fluids including serum, urine, synovial fluid, and CSF [40], [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundOligoclonal bands (OCB) are the most widely used CSF test to support the diagnosis of MS and to predict conversion of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS). Since OCB tests are based on non-quantitative and difficult to standardise techniques, measurement of immunoglobulin kappa free light chains (KFLC) may represent an easier to use quantitative test.MethodsKFLC were measured in CSF and serum of 211 patients using ELISA. These include patients without any inflammatory central nervous system reaction (NIND, n = 77), MS (n = 20), viral CNS infections (V-CNS-I, n = 10), neuroborreliosis (NB, n = 17) and other bacterial CNS infections (B-CNS-I, n = 10). Furthermore a cohort of 77 patients with CIS, including 39 patients that remained CIS over follow-up of two years (CIS-CIS) and 38 patients that developed MS over the same follow-up time (CIS-MS).ResultsCSF-serum ratio of KFLC (Q KFLC) was elevated in all patients with MS, 86.8% of patients with CIS-MS and 61.5% of patients with CIS-CIS. It was significantly elevated in CIS with presence of OCB (p<0.001). Q KFLC significantly correlated with other CSF variables such as CSF leukocyte count (p<0.001, R = 0.46), CSF CXCL13 levels (p<0.001, R = 0.64) and also intrathecal IgG synthesis (p<0.001, R = 0.74) as determined by nephelometry and quotient diagram. OCB were detected in 66.7% of CIS-CIS and in 92.1% of CIS-MS.ConclusionsAlthough the measurement of CSF KFLC is a rapid and quantitative easy to standardize tool, it is almost equal but not superior to OCB with regard to diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in patients with early MS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2014

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“…cFLCs are manufactured and secreted by B cell lymphoid lineage cells during normal immunoglobulin production, where nearly twice as many light chains are generated in the cytoplasm compared with heavy chains. 12 It is proposed that this prevents toxicity from free heavy chain accumulation. 13 The serum cFLC reference range in healthy donors is approximately 3-19 mg/L for FLCκ and 6-26 mg/L FLCλ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated serum free light chains predict cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus

et al. 2016

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Aims: Increased serum polyclonal combined immunoglobulin free light chain (cFLC = FLCκ+FLCλ) has been shown to predict cardiovascular (CV) events in South Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We examined whether cFLC also predicted CV risk in unselected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: cFLC was estimated in the serum of 55 adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. CV risk was measured through two validated risk engines: Q-Risk and PROCAM. Statistical association was tested using the parametic Pearson's or the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test, Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskall-Wallis test for parametric or non-parametrically distributed data accordingly. Results: cFLC was associated with CV risk. This association was significant when estimated through either risk engine (PROCAM p=0.003, Q-Risk p=0.012). cFLC was associated with diabetes mellitus duration (p=0.003), age (p=0.006) and history of cardiac disease (p=0.042). Conclusions: These findings indicate that cFLC is a marker of CV risk in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, it supports emerging data demonstrating cFLC as a prognostic indicator for mortality. Br J Diabetes 2016;16:176-178

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“…During the process of antibody synthesis by plasma cells, there is approximately 40% excess LC synthesized over heavy chain (HC) [1]. As a result of this excess production, unpaired LC is secreted as free immunoglobulin LC (FLC) in the form of monomers or homodimers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ability to interact with cell membranes suggests possible biological roles for free light chain

2012

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Evidence by radioimmunoassay that mitogen-activated human blood mononuclear cells secrete significant amounts of light chain Ig unassociated with heavy chain

Cited by 58 publications

References 32 publications

Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis

Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulin Kappa Light Chain in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis

Elevated serum free light chains predict cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus

The ability to interact with cell membranes suggests possible biological roles for free light chain

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