Evidence-Based Survey Design: The Use of a Midpoint on the Likert Scale

Chyung, Seung Youn; Roberts, Katherine; Swanson, Ieva; Hankinson, Andrea

doi:10.1002/pfi.21727

Cited by 448 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(35 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

277

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This expression of support seems, however, to contradict the idea held by a substantial part of the population that sea turtles will never be extinct. It is also worth noting here that the use of a Likert scale with a mid‐point could have made our research potentially more vulnerable to social desirability bias, by allowing those who were not keen to express their actual views to choose a neutral option (Chyung, Roberts, Swanson, & Hankinson, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audience research as a cornerstone of demand management interventions for illegal wildlife products: Demarketing sea turtle meat and eggs

Veríssimo

Vieira

Monteiro

et al. 2020

Conservat Sci and Prac

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The unsustainable wildmeat trade has been long recognized as a threat to wildlife. Yet, its impact on marine species has been underresearched. Sea turtles have been historically threatened by unsustainable trade, but there are few studies of consumer profile, motivations, and preferences. We conducted a survey in São Tomé Island, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa, including eight rural communities (n = 1,160) and the capital city of São Tomé (n = 628). We estimated prevalence of consumption, preference and availability of sea turtle meat and eggs. About 25% of rural and 32% of urban respondents had consumed meat in the past year. Around 25% of rural respondents were egg consumers, whereas little consumption was found in urban areas. Social norms were a predictor of consumption of sea turtle meat and eggs in rural communities but not in São Tomé city. Regarding influencers, teachers and religious leaders were the most trusted sources in rural communities, while teachers and NGOs were most trusted in São Tomé city. Radio and television were the most trusted channels in rural communities, while urban dwellers trusted radio the most. This research showcases how a structured approach to audience research can obtain behavioral insights that can guide behavior change efforts.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audience research as a cornerstone of demand management interventions for illegal wildlife products: Demarketing sea turtle meat and eggs

Veríssimo

Vieira

Monteiro

et al. 2020

Conservat Sci and Prac

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There have been many studies conducted on these topics, and teams of researchers from the Organizational Performance and Workplace Learning department at Boise State University have been reviewing research articles and formulating evidence‐based recommendations for developing structured survey questionnaires. For example, see Chyung, Roberts, Swanson, and Hankinson () on the topic of using a midpoint on the Likert scale. The authors’ extensive literature review led them to develop a set of evidence‐based recommendations and corresponding strategies on including or excluding a midpoint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Survey Design: The Use of Negatively Worded Items in Surveys

Chyung

Barkin²,

Shamsy

2018

Perf. Improv.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A close examination of the literature on including positively and negatively worded items in structured survey questionnaires revealed that contrary to the traditional wisdom, it is better not to use a mix of positively and negatively worded items because doing so can create threats to validity and reliability of the survey instrument. If mixing is done, it is recommended to use strategies derived from research to improve the quality of data and the instrument's validity and reliability.

show abstract

“…For example, this study uses a six-point Likert-type scale without a midpoint, and Chyung et al [78] have reported that studies using six-point scales without a midpoint do not affect PCA factor loadings as a validity measure, nor Cronbach's alpha as a reliability measure, indicating that these studies did produce results that met the normality assumption when compared to studies using four-and five-point scales. However, there may be a possibility that respondents use the scale categories interchangeably [78], so that scales with more response categories are more reliable [63]. Also, obtaining unique farm elevations based on geocoded addresses was problematic, since some farmers did not report unique farm addresses, but rather reported similar farm locations.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Analyzing Opinions on Sustainable Agriculture: Toward Increasing Farmer Knowledge of Organic Practices in Taiwan-Yuanli Township

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Local farmer knowledge is key to sustainable agriculture when organic farming promotes biodiversity conservation. Yet, farmers may not recognize ecosystem service (ES) benefits within their agricultural landscape. Surveys were administered to 113 farmers, and the opinions of 58 respondents toward organic farming were analyzed to identify influential variables when deciding to farm organically. We classified responses by geographic category within a socio-economic production landscape (SEPL), and by social influence categories. With principal component analysis (PCA), a two-scale, four-phased analysis was conducted. Coastal farmers (n = 22) were the most positive towards organic farming trends due to consumer demand. Plains farmers (n = 18) were highly interested in future opportunities for achieving consumer health and food safety objectives. Mountain farmers (n = 18) perceived the most organic transitioning barriers overall, namely irrigation. In all three geographic categories, farming decisions were not primarily related to biodiversity conservation or ES management, but rather to farming community patterns, consumer feedback, and a lack of barriers. Further, farmer opinions toward organic practices were more influenced by their life experiences than by school-taught concepts. Since no previous studies have assessed the knowledge, values, and opinions on organic farming of Taiwan's west coast farmers from an ES perspective, the proposed approach both identifies farmers' knowledge and opinions, and verifies a satoyama landscape with PCA results for informed decision making.Sustainability 2019, 11, 3843 2 of 27 childhood [9] and are relatively stable throughout an individual's life stages [10] (the basis for school taught environmental education), it may also be necessary to first demonstrate to local stakeholders the benefits of ESs within their agricultural landscape [11].Organic farming practices utilize ecosystem approaches to integrate agricultural biodiversity conservation and sustainable land use, and also include a concept of fairness related to the reciprocal relationships between the environment and 'life opportunities' [12]. While conventional agricultural systems disrupt the heterogeneity of natural habitats resulting in less biodiversity [3,13], organic farming minimizes this disruption with natural approaches to maintain biodiversity and reverse local species decline due to conventional agriculture practices [3,13,14]. Generally reported in ES research, agricultural ESs (i.e., provisioning ES) result in negative tradeoffs with other ESs (e.g., decreases in runoff water quality as a result of increased crop densities, which necessitates increased pesticide applications [2]), whereas synergies are often reported between regulating and cultural ESs such as increased aesthetic appeal as a result of increased pollination from flower planting [15]. However, synergies can also be found between agricultural ESs and other ESs when organic practices promote biodiversity [16].The ES relationships within a lan...

show abstract

Evidence-Based Survey Design: The Use of a Midpoint on the Likert Scale

Cited by 448 publications

References 24 publications

Audience research as a cornerstone of demand management interventions for illegal wildlife products: Demarketing sea turtle meat and eggs

Audience research as a cornerstone of demand management interventions for illegal wildlife products: Demarketing sea turtle meat and eggs

Evidence-Based Survey Design: The Use of Negatively Worded Items in Surveys

Analyzing Opinions on Sustainable Agriculture: Toward Increasing Farmer Knowledge of Organic Practices in Taiwan-Yuanli Township

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About