Evidence-Based Practice for the Clinical Assessment of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: A Report From the American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee on Research

Neuroimaging in Functional Neurological Disorder: State of the Field and Research Agenda

“…Nuclear medicine approaches have been applied to FND populations during both rest and task performance ( Czarnecki et al, 2011 , Galli et al, 2019 , Marshall et al, 1997 , Schrag et al, 2013 , Song et al, 2014 , Spence et al, 2000 , Vuilleumier et al, 2001 ). Interictal and ictal SPECT, and interictal PET, have been used to differentiate FND-seiz and epileptic seizure cohorts ( Baslet et al, 2021 , Biraben et al, 1999 , Neiman et al, 2009 , Olver et al, 2019 , Varma et al, 1996 ).…”

Incidence and prevalence of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in a Norwegian county: A 10‐year population‐based study

“…The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in PNES has been reported to range between 53% and 100% 24 . In our study, 62% of included patients had a psychiatric condition noted in their medical record.…”

“…The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in PNES has been reported to range between 53% and 100%. 24 In our study, 62% of included patients had a psychiatric condition noted in their medical record. This is likely to be an underestimate, as pediatricians and neurologists might not always explore psychiatric issues thoroughly in a busy clinical routine.…”

Using evidence-based psychotherapy to tailor treatment for patients with functional neurological disorders

“…Patients with FS can have comorbid epilepsy, with rates ranging from 9.4 to 50% [52] . The evidence to treat comorbid FS and epilepsy is limited, since many studies that evaluate treatments for FS exclude comorbid epilepsy.…”

“…PE spends the first three sessions providing psychoeducation on trauma and explaining how exposure therapy can reduce symptoms. Not surprisingly, psychoeducational groups offer education about FS [52] . Zaroff et al [18] , instructed patients on FS risk factors, comorbidities, and healthy behaviors.…”